Reaction paper Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 3

Reaction paper - Assignment spokespersonIt was very important to her, this act of maturity, so much so that when, after visiting her semi-comatose mother at the hospital, she went out for lunch with a cousin and remembered that she had left them at her mothers bedside, she made her cousin turn the car back and rushed in to retrieve them.Conversation in June About Mothers by Hwang Sun-Won is just that a group of people gathered together in June and talking about mothers. A man related how his son, who had always been a daddys boy, ran back to his mother when she called out to him, rather than flee to South Korea with him. He claims that mothers are absolute worlds for their children. A man disagrees, relating how his mother eloped with a rooter when he was very small, never to return, and how much he hated her. He recounts that when he was wounded in a war, and was about to die, his mothers apparition came to him, but he rejected her his hatred being that strong. However, the gr oup states that in effect it was his mothers apparition that had saved his life. Another man tells the reputation of a woman who was escaping to South Korea in a boat with a group of people for solicitude of being caught by the North Korean shore guard, she threw her crying infant into the river. The narrator feels a difficult hatred for the woman, however, before the hatred becomes permanent, the man relating the story tells the group that the woman was lactating and when her breasts became swollen, she cut tally her nipples herself with

The history and development of television Essay

The history and development of telecasting - Essay lessonThe word television was coined by a Russian scientist Constantin Perskyi in a paper he presented at the International Electricity Congress at the International World Fair in Paris on August 25, 1900. Even before that, Paul Gottlieb Nipkow, a German student, had patented the first television in 1884. It was a electromechanical device based on the photoconductivity of the element Selenium and Nipkows spin disk with a series of holes of equal diameter drilled into it at equal distances. In the photographic camera unit, as the disk spun in front of the object, each hole produced a scan line which was captured by a light detecting device behind it. The scan line was transmitted by piano tuner wave to the reproducer or receiving unit. This basic television and other refinements that came after it were however restricted to transmittal of salvage images and silhouettes. It was only on October 2, 1925 that the Scottish scientist John Logie Baird, who took the lead in development of the electromechanical television, achieved live transmission of moving half-tone images in his laboratory. Bairds endeavour took the electromechanical television through a continuous variety of technical development ranging from the first transatlantic transmission between London and New York by his community in 1928, the first transmission between shore to ship, demonstratin of the first electromechanical colour, infrared and stereoscopic television to the first live transmission, of the Epson Derby in 1931 and demonstration of the ultra short-wave television in 1932.

The Regulation of the Internet Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

The Regulation of the Internet - Essay ExampleThe lucre has travel one of the most widespread technological advancements which have gained popularity in recent age. Since its inception, its use has expand and its coverage has grown extensively. Most everything can now be nominate and done online. Business proceeding can be carried out online, so can social interactions, buying, selling, and even dating. Various individuals use it for some(prenominal) their professional and personal needs it serves purposes which mostly relate to convenience and easy accessibility. In recent years however, due to its widespread use, issues on censorship have been raised. Due to the delicacy of internet materials which have become widespread in their use, the idea of internet censorship has been suggested. However, issues on the application of parliamentary ideals seem to encounter with the idea of internet censorship. This paper shall answer whether or not internet censorship is compatible wit h democratic values and ideals.BodyInternet censorship is defined by Colthorp as internet material that is examined and accordingly removed or suppressed when it is considered morally, politically, or differentwise objectionable. This includes a very wide ambit of materials which can be considered censorable defining what is morally or politically objectionable can spawn various(a) materials in the legal, ethical, religious, liberal or the conservative sense. Nevertheless, materials often defined to be subjects of censorship include pornographic, politically seditious, and even criminally offensive materials. The purposes of censorship in different countries often have various motivations. third main regions in the world engage in internet censorship, including tocopherol Asia, Central Asia, and Middle East/North Africa (Misa, 60). Other countries like Germany, France, and even the US also implement some form of censorship against certain websites and under specific settings. The US for example, filters internet activities in computers in libraries as well as K-12 schools (Reichman and American Library Association, 39). In France and Germany, materials about Nazism and Holocaust denial are also block up (Deibert, 190). Child pornography and other pornographic sites are also banned by various countries in the world, including China, Singapore, and most countries in the Middle East (Deibert, Palfrey, and OpenNet Initiative, 5). Some of these countries are actually democratic countries and have bulky respected the freedom of speech and of expression, and yet are involved in some form of internet censorship. The practice of internet censorship has been supported, to some extent, by governments because various reasons. The significant growth of the Internet has take to a new realm of human communication whose ease is facilitated by cyberspace, its low cost in participation, as well as its potentially vast audience (Malakoff, 1). In many ways, it actually r epresents a purely democratic forum where any literate person can express his thoughts, feelings, and opinions. On the other hand, electronic communication and the internet also have negative consequences owing to the fact that most concourse can now access any morally and politically pervasive materials on the internet (Malakoff, 2). This is the primordial reason driving some governments to implement regulatory practices for internet use. Countries which have historically suppressed the transmitting of data in an attempt to control and suppress any civilian dissent have found the internet to be a particular problem. These countries have an innate fear that materials that their people would read and halt

Graduate Reflection paper 6(a,b,c,d,e,f) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 8000 words

Graduate Reflection paper 6(a,b,c,d,e,f) - Essay ExampleCentral to a leaders continued respectable behavior is their ordainingness to a continue their own maestro development.The process of superior development can take many forms, including online classes and/or seminars, face to face classes, seminars, workshops and more. However, professional development will also include continued reading, research and education, to make sure that he leader stays legitimate on policies, procedures and new opportunities for client c ar. Professional development means that a leader hones any professional skills that atomic number 18 needed to keep them fresh and open to new ideas.When a leader continues their professional development, they are able to assist employees who want to develop their careers. They also bring fresh ideas to meetings and provide innovative ideas at the right time to allow the organization to grow.In my situation, my continued professional development has allowed me to make soften ethical decisions about how patients and families should be treated. I work for a religious nonprofit organization that has the selfsame(prenominal) values that I have so my ethical behavior is easy to articulate. Because my ethical beliefs and my religion are similar to the organizations, I can more freely make decisions about how to handle employees, patients and their families that automatically go across in line with the organizations values and religious beliefs.Professional development in an organization must embark on with an judgement of its goals and objectives and with the leaders understanding of the vision statement. Luc (2009) suggests that a vision statementWhen comparing this information to ethical professional development, it occurred to me that the vision statement is important to the organization to set the foundation for leaders to begin their understanding of why they need to continue their professional development. The reason for this is that t he vision

Do Freshmen Students need RAs at Miami University Term Paper

Do Freshmen Students need RAs at Miami University - marches Paper ExampleThe decision by Miami University to have RAs on campus is very important. A astray range of services provided by RAs help in creating a supportive environment for freshmen, many another(prenominal) of whom are away from home for the first time Office of mansion house Life ( Office of Residence Life, 2015). The RAs have been helpful in serving the residents as well as granting them a sealed level of independence at the same time. It is evident that RAs have been great sources of advice and campus resources to new students that whitethorn otherwise be unable to acquire the same resources. RAs serve this purpose most importantly by being friendly and relatable as well as by serving as peer advisors for fellow students. They have organized and transformed halls of residence thereby eliminating confusion and surprise among new students, and sooner increased comfort and satisfaction of campus life among reside nts. The effectiveness of RAs at the University is evident through their skill to deal with conflicting situations in halls of residence as well as helping green freshmen to gain university activities. Therefore, the decision of having RAs in halls of residence should be embraced across all higher learning institutions to bring up smooth and friendly transition process among freshmen students. The following interviews with two freshmen at the university confirmed the role and grandeur of RAs in helping freshmen students attain smooth transition process to college life. Kayla E-mail Address Lawsonk2miamioh.edu

MARKETING Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

MARKETING - Essay Examplee view has been considered the IKEA, which has a very good reputation among its competitors due to its unique foodstuffing techniques, which differentiates it from the other companies in the market.In this regard, background information of the IKEA has been discussed, which will allow to consider the company as a customer-oriented company or vice versa. The different operations of the IKEA have been analyzed with relation to it growth in home-furnishing sector of the market. In order to comp are its operations and activities, different competitors of the IKEA have been examined and analyzed during the paper. Findings and analysis part has been considered to identify the IKEAs operations, if they have fallen according to the criteria of the customer-oriented companies.In the marketplace, the strategic position of a product is described by the utilization of four Ps, which is referred as the marketing mix. Although whatever additional Ps has been integrated by some marketers, but the four Ps are the standardized and typical constituents of the marketing mix, which are promotion, place, price, and the product. (Coe, pp. 23-25)When a special(prenominal) volume of units is considered for the mass production of an object or a service on a openhanded scale, it is referred as a product. The hotel industry is one of the typical examples of the abovementioned description of the product. Moreover, motorcar, computer operating systems, etc. are some of the uncommon examples of a mass produced service.When a product is produced, the producer requires the payback of expenses that are borne by him/her. In other words, a customer has to pay for the product and the amount is referred as its price. Competition, material costs, market share, and perceived value are some of the factors that determine the price of a product.It is very important that a business organization should select a place that may be effective for product purchases by the custome rs. In other words, place is another very

Brunswick Distribution Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Brunswick dispersion - Case Study ExampleFactors attributed to the current crisis vary. Brunswick Inc faces numerous challenges associated with marketing, finance, and operation. They include 1) retailers interests to buy indicately from manufacturers 2) growing direct competition from other distributors 3) manufacturers rigid attitude to credits 4) retailers delayed payments and 5) issues related to giving and taking orders.Bradley Pulaski, the offense president of operations suggests expanding the overhaul area across the Midwest because according to him, the company still gets service requests from potential customers of that region. However, it demands the construction of a new warehouse as distribution from the current facility forget cause delayed deliveries. Bradleys proposal would cost a total $12 million for property, plant, and equipment.In contrast, Mariana Jackson, the vise president of logistic thinks that providing timely service is the vital part in order to bear on the existing customers. It involves empowering the distribution organization with web-based technology like call center and integrated information backup. He envisages that the improved system would make distribution more cost effective as it can only up to 16% in shipping expenses and 16% in labor expenses annually. Finding both options malapropos to the situation, Alex Brunswick determines to use a 12% cost of capital as discount rate when making fiscal decisions.Among the three options, Mariana Jacksons suggestion seems more relevant to the case. If the firms information system is enhanced, it can avoid unnecessary delays in customer service and deliveries. Pulaskis option flaws as it double companys financial burden. Since the company is unable to give timely delivery, expanding its coverage to Midwest leave behind cause more troubles.In the same way, Alexs decision is also not a decent strategy. Two things are

Sharon Construction Corporation - Case Analysis Essay

Sharon Construction bay window - Case Analysis - Essay ExampleThe project has been outlined to run for 48weeks with an allowance of 4weeks in side any riddles arise. However the confederation is faced with some unusual problems. There is the prospect of a workers charter to begin on 30th November that will run for eight to twelve weeks on a luck estimate of 7030 of the period the strike will last. The cold season starting in December presents another major challenge for this project. The concrete cannot be poured during this month therefore mensurationing to retards. To overcome these problems, suggestions charter been put forth that are presumable to add to the damages of the whole project or other delay the process till January, when the suffer is favorable. Any week delayed will amount to an operating expense live of $500 and any special heating required during concrete pouring will cost up to $500 depending on the temperature conditions. Possible problems An analysi s of the project shows that delay issues will cost the company $15,000 per week. The workers strike is one of the cited problems likely to set back the company on the metre line given. The strike has a fifty fifty chance of occurring hence cannot be ignored. Further much it is likely to last for eight to twelve weeks. ... The pouring of seats process is scheduled in December. The weather has been predicted to be cold and thus may amount to extra costs of $500 per week to bring in a heat system. However, this stage runs for two weeks therefore it can be delayed until the cold weather clears. The work can then be resumed since it is in the final stages of the project. The delay would amount to four weeks delay of $60,000 plus overhead costs of $2000 if the month of December is scrapped in this schedule. Major Problem The major problem posed by this project is the delay issue. The cost amounting from any delay have been analysed by to each one problem cited. Nonetheless it is importa nt to note that the two problems are highly likely to occur at the same period of time. They are anticipated to begin in December. The weather issues can be refractory but the labourers strike issue has to be resolved. Processes like concrete pouring cannot be highly alter as it takes ample time to dry. The analysis of the project shows the process that require a great amount of labour hence the company can take advantage. It is important to shorten the period of work in front December sets in. This can be achieved by adding the number of labourers for work that is labour intensive or further the process with highly equipped machinery. The project has to be cut back by at to the lowest degree six to eight weeks in order to sustain the goals of completion on time and/or put one over projected profits. Analysis of proposals 1. The first proposal is to expedite pouring of seat galleries at an extra cost of $20,000 and reduce the duration of this activity by six weeks. This is wor thwhile since it is in the goal of buying more time for the whole project. 2. Deploying a double shift for field filling will buy quintette weeks period at an

Strategic Choice and Evaluation Paper for Garmin Company Essay

Strategic Choice and Evaluation Paper for Garmin telephoner - Essay ExampleDespite of that, the company need to bring in some more products through the grand strategy called as Product Development. This strategy will not only enkindle the product breadth of company but will also support in competing with major rivals as well as creating a sustainable scene in market.The process of Product Development moldiness be conducted by taking assistance from another grand strategy which is widely implemented by electronic companies today. This strategy is called as Innovation strategy. Garmin Co. must utilize the best available technology in order to manufacture the best quality of electronic products. The company can also transform its instauration strategies to its competitive edge. In this manner, it would be difficult for competitors to grapple with Garmin and it can also direct the company to the position of market leader in a period of next 10 to 20 years.Garmin possesses an grou ndbreaking wit as well as all the required resources in order to pursue its business and compete with its competitors. It is important for Garmin to examine the ways through which it can bring in new products in an innovative manner (Feather, 2010).The above mentioned two grand strategies are recommended because in order to compete with intense competition, Garmin needs to pursue the competition by providing better products and services. After a complete range of products has been established, Garmin should remain consonant with its quality and pricing so that it can retain its customers. This idea will not only assistant Garmin in building up its brand image but also will generate stiff revenues that would assist the company in long

What is HIPAA 5010 How will it impact healthcare informatics How will Coursework

What is HIPAA 5010 How pull up stakes it impact healthcare informatics How will ICD-10 codes impact informatics - Coursework ExampleThe in the raw version of the standards is expected to create a major impact on the functioning of the healthcare attention as it has been designed to enhance the electronic exchange of information related to eligibility, claim submission and their status, electronic remittance, authorization for treatment and referrals. The 5010 standards are to be implemented by software vendors and clearinghouses on January 1, 2012 (Ameri feces Academy of Dermatology, 2010 Emdeon problem Services, 2010). The implementation of the 5010 set of standards will be followed by the implementation of a new set of worldwide Classification of Diseases-10 (ICD-10) Clinical Modification codes that replaces the current ICD-9 CM codes. The ICD-10 which consists of more than 68,000 codes with increased specificity and includes details required for potpourri of morbidity and d iagnostic specificity is required to be implemented from October 1, 2013. The additional codes will help reveal more information related to healthcare and hence the complications and outcomes of care can be ascertained easily and issues can be resolved through better design of algorithms (American Academy of Dermatology, 2010). Thus implementation of both 5010 and ICD-10 standards will help in the delivery of safer and quality healthcare to the

Corporations Law in Australia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Corporations Law in Australia - Essay ExampleA limited indebtedness company, also c all(prenominal)ed a limited indebtedness corporation, usually functions on a smaller scale than a limited liability partnership (Wikipedia 2008), hence, its method of management and, therefore, its level of limited liability, though in many aspects the same, does differ from that of a partnership. A company is generally run by the managers, who argon responsible for the general functioning of the corporation. Hence, although they atomic number 18 protected by limited liability in that they are just responsible for their investments, they do have a bun in the oven to manage any monetary issues that may be faced by the corporation which are beyond the fiscal capacity of the corporation (Wikipedia 2008). The tax liability level might also differ (Wikipedia 2008). On the other hand, a partnership functions on a larger scale, hence, its method of management and operation differs, fine-looking it differ ent protection under the liability. A partnership is directly run by its investors (Wikipedia 2008), who are all protected by the liability clause, and generally are not responsible for monetary issues beyond their investment. Whereas they are subject to tax payment, the partnership itself, in some cases, maybe tax transparent (Wikipedia 2008), that is, exempted from paying taxes. Hence, the liability of the partners is decreased. Q3In the context of corporate rightfulness, there have been, and still are, many incidents where the law has to be be and determined in order to solve court cases. In the process, many a time an launch act of law is challenged, clauses are redefined and established, or new stipulates are formed. A case in crown is the Salomon v Salomon & Co. 1897 A.C. 22 (H.L.). Following is a discussion of the case, and the act that was formed as result of this case.Aron Salomon, a leather merchant, formed a company after establishing a successful business of leather goods (Wikipedia 2008). His determination was supported by his family who formed the shareholders in his company, a total of seven shareholders as per the corporate law of the time. Aron Salomon remained the companys principal shareholder and its principal creditor, and was the managing director of the company (Wikipedia 2008). He established Salomon & Co. Ltd., a limited liability company that was under the protection of the limited liability clause of the corporate law. He held the majority of the shares, and the self-coloured company was practically a family business. However, it went into liquidation (Wikipedia 2008). The liquidator filed a case against Mr. Salomon and the company, and the judge seconded the appeal on the grounds that Mr. Salomon had established the company merely to transfer his business into the corporation in order to obtain limited liabilit

Making The Classroom Work for You Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Making The Classroom Work for You - Essay Example10- How dejection you become more of an industrious participant in class? Of the the seven tips issuelined in the variance on class participation,which do you feel you can learn from the most? Explain. In what ways would you alike(p) to improve your class participation?The seven tips be come to class prepared, ask questions, volunteer, take an active aim in group activities, active listener, resist temptation to tune out or daydreaming and focus on class. Of the seven tips, I believe I learn from taking an active role in group activities because it is more fun and engaging not to mention that it removes boredom and surely superstar cannot tune out when active.There is a difference in the expectations between college and high school in terms of learning process. In college, free exchange of ideas is more common and students are encouraged to regard independently or to be critical. It is also expected among college students that they would know how to find information for class or reports through research. In high school, students are more dependent to teachers for information. There are also less(prenominal)(prenominal) reports compared to college and the academic requirements are less rigorous.14-What did you discover about your learning style preferences? How will you strengthen your less preferred learning style? How can you use your preferred learning styles to make the most out of college?I discovered that I learn more when I am engaged in an activity. dour lectures bores me and reading abstract ideas are often hard to relate. Unlike in activities where I can see to it the application of the lesson which I can often learn well and remember.In classroom expectations, we are only when graded and are expected to pass. If we fail, we may retake the test or class and there are usually make up class or we can repeat the subject. There is also no life altering consequences in the classroom. In actual job expectations, a professional is expected to do the job

Research paper2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Research paper2 - Essay ExampleIt is often argued that obesity is strongly associated with riotous viands. Irrespective of new-madefangled or adult, fast food is getting more popularity among people all over the world. A new study shows that toxicperfluoroalkyls, which are used in surface protection treatments and coatings to keep grease from leaking through fast food wrappers, are being ingested by people through their food and showing up as contaminants in blood (Mercola). Above all, it is an accepted fact that fast food contains more fat content than all other foods. Therefore, the logic of using fast food on a regular flat coat is highly debatable.Food is necessary for the sustainment of human life. At the same time, over food and control food or lack of food are equally responsible for causing health problems. Moreover, novel farming methods are not so good for keeping the health of people. In order to development the yield, farmers all over the world are using capaci ous amounts of fertilizers, chemicals, and pesticides in their agricultural lands. Crops or food grains developed as a result of such unhealthy farming methods are causing huge health problems in many ways. Above all, increased use of fertilizers chemicals and pesticides is causing huge pollutions to air, land and water. In other words, improper farming methods have the ability to cause multiple problems to all living things in this world, including human beings. Genetically modified food or GM food is a new fancy in the farming field. Genetically modified foods are capable of providing more yields. However, the safety of using such foods is still unclear or debateable.Organic food is one of the most modern concepts developed in the farming field in order to eliminate all the concerns explained above. The foods that are cultivated without using any chemical fertilizers and pesticides, processed without adding any of the artificial ingredients and packaged using natural means can b e referred as organic foods

Coyne and Messina Articles, Part 2 Statistical Assessment Term Paper

Coyne and Messina Articles, Part 2 Statistical Assessment - Term Paper ExampleThis variable is not expressed with numbers that turn out a true zero. Instead, a Likert-type, five-point scale for measuring forbearing satisfaction is used (1 stands for very poor, 2, poor, 3 fair, 4, good and 5, very good). The data obtained is subsequently converted to a scale that ranges from 0 to 100. The 1-5scores are averaged, with 0 being equated to the low end (very poor) and 100, the high end (very good).The independent variables are inpatient admissions in non didactics and teaching hospitals. The statistic chosen is multivariate. The statistical significance is set as r= -.28, p= .0.08, when discussing the relationship among patient satisfaction and patient admission in a combined sample. This intimates a direct correlation between patient satisfaction and lower volumes of inpatient admissions. When it comes to admission in teaching hospitals, patient satisfaction is give tongue to as stand ing at 25.76, and the z-statistic is used. In the use of the z-statistic, z=-4.1, p This statistical significance to a fault takes care of the degree of error. The degree of error may emanate from the fact that the 14 hospitals that had been designated as the look for sample may lose been hailing from distraught socioeconomic environments, and therefore, a good fraction of the patients might have been too grumpy to lighten up because of the physicians prowess, personal touch and dexterity.In this case, it is therefore safe to interpret with Messina, Scott, Ganey, Zipp and Mathis (2009) that there is a direct relationship between inpatient admissions and patient satisfaction in two teaching and nonteaching hospitals. Thus, because the statistical significance is very strong, the hypothesis of the study has been verified and found to be true.In statistical

Water-soluble tissue paper Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Water-soluble create from raw stuff - Research Paper caseIt also includes the marketing strategy of piss soluble tissue paper for Qatar.Power of Buyers The ability of buyers do- nonhing be described by the switching cost involved in shifting from one trademark to the other. The tissue paper industry is saturated with several well established manufacturers like George Pacific, Kimberly Clark, SCA, P&G, etc which offers water soluble tissue papers (SCA, 2014). thus it gives the customers a lot of options to choose from. Moreover due to extravagantly availability and competitive pricing it is even easier for the buyers to switch between brands. As a result the twin company goes into a price war by offering milder or discounted price in bulk to attract more customers. Thus the influencing effect of the buyers on the pricing suggests that the power of buyers is high.Power of Suppliers The tissue paper manufacturing companies procure the raw materials like recycled paper pulp, ch emicals adhesives, etc from global suppliers (Carlsson et al, 2006). Although the availability of suppliers argon high in the industry, but the supply often fails to meet the market demand. The low supply of raw materials is due to low availability of recycled paper and high regulation over deforestation. Thus the overall suppliers power is moderate.Threat of new entrant Entering into the soluble tissue paper industry, a firm does not require high capital investment, as the cost of raw materials and other production costs are relatively low. Moreover, in the tissue paper market, the concept of water soluble tissue paper is a relatively new. Thus any new entrant will have an early mover advantage. This as a result leads to low barrier to entry in the market, which increases the threat of entry of new brands. Thus the overall threat of new entrant is high.Threat of Substitutes A substitute product is defined as any product

Public Health and Health Care Essay Example for Free

Public wellness and wellness Care EssayPublic health is one the of the science that improves and protects the health kick of the communities and families through promotions of sound lifestyles, research for injury and disease prevention and detection and control of infectious diseases. Public health professionals raise and prevent issues from happening or recurring through implementing educational programs recommending policies, manage services and conducting research. Such as contrast to clinical professionals doctors, and nurses, who will focus primarily on treating people after they become wound or ill. Public health also locks to limit health care disparities. A great part of public health is promoting health care equity, entreeibility and prime(prenominal) (International Health Conference, 1946).How CDC Contributes to Public HealthThe Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) is the nations disease prevention and wellness promotion agency, defend individual s safety and health, giving credible knowledge to enhance health care decisions, and astir(p) health care through strong organization. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) work includes wide verify health care threats, including infectious chronic diseases, birth defects, injuries, water safety food, environmental hazards, safety and occupational health. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) also administers funding for local health departments and state, community based companies and faculty member institutions for a wide array of public health programs and research. Daily Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) experts work both behind the scenes and on the frontlines to improve individuals daily lives and respond to health care emergencies. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) is headquartered in Atlanta and has just about 14,000,full-time, part-time and contract employees hardened all through the U.S. and in 54 countries (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2012).Specific Ways CDC Influence/ Roles of CDC missionCenters for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) contribute with its partner around the world to detect and investigate health care problems, monitor health, conduct research to enhance prevention, develop and advocate sound public health policies, and provide leadership and training. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) develops a system design recognizing information and sources that ruff tackle a watch goal, be familiar with who will have rights to use information, by what technique and under what circumstances also improving analysis or action by improving the surveillance system communication with other information systems Using data group recognizing possible bias linked with another collection technique cultural approach in the direction of technology or peal use, recognizing suitable use of structured data compared with free text, more useful, data standards and langua ge and suggest technologies such(prenominal) as global radio-frequency and positioning systems identification to maintain faster, higher-quality data and easier, access in the field.Information guidance and collation recognize ways to share data across different computing technology proffer linking new information with data from legacy systems and be familiar with and remedying information quality issues as do certain information security and privacy. Analysis recognize suitable statistical and image applications, put together algorithms to prepare users to aberrations within health care events also leveraging high routine computational resources for bulky data sets or difficult analyses (Dixon, Gamache, Grannis, 2013).Understanding the value of evaluate information from one surveillance contrive with other information time, place, person, or condition for new viewpoint and merge data of other quality to give a background for explanation and foundation. Diffusion suggest suit able let somebody mind information users and the best technique to reach the proposed audience, smooth the progress of data finding and recognize benefits for information providers (Lundstrom, Pugliese, Bartley, Cox, Guither, 2002).Application to public health programs assessing the utility of having surveillance data directly flow into information systems that concord public health interventions and information elements or standards that facilitate this linkage of surveillance to action and improving access to and use of information produced by a surveillance system for workers in the field and health-care providers (Dixon, Gamache, Grannis, 2013).

The treaty of Versailles Essay Example for Free

The treaty of Versailles EssayThe treaty of Versailles caused a reaction of horror and outrage to the Germans. They were world coerce to accept a harsh treaty without tout ensemble choice or even a comment. Hitler hate the treaty of Versailles, and he promised to kick out the treaty of Versailles as he had said in the Nazis 25 Points. mickle began to believe in Hitler. His Twenty-Five Point programme showed that the treaty of Versailles could be down it offt as any former(a) task, and he promised to reverse it right a flair. The treaty of Versailles was the most classic of the Long-term causes because it gave Hitler the opportunity to contend the same ideas as the Germans nearly the treaty of Versailles. So he took advantage in the middle of a semipolitic entirelyy destabilized Ger umpteen.Short-term causes like the Munich Putsch helped his popularity, which was essential to his rise to power. The Munich Putsch was a disaster for Hitler. People didnt t rise to supp ort him. Hitler was arrested and charged with t reason. In trial, Hitler gained plenteousnesss of publicity and his ideas were reported in newspapers. Hitler convinced the judge, and got five years in prison instead of a life sentence, but Hitler served unaccompanied nine months in prison. This concludes that Hitler gained lots of publicity with the Munich Putsch.His ideas were printed on Newspaper, so to a greater extent and more Germans began liking Hitlers ideas and voted for him. Other Short-term causes like the Enabling law meant that Hitler had total power oer Ger umpteen. After being elected opportunityllor there was nothing anyone else could do not even Hindenburg. He was able to descend laws for the next four years without consulting the Reichstag. Hitler used the power of the Enabling Law to get rid of anything or anyone that limited his authority. Hitler made all told sorts of laws. Hitler was completely untouchable. The Weimar Republic was destroyed as an outcome of the Enabling Law. some(prenominal) long and short term causes in Hitlers rise to power are important. Hitlers cute revenge everywhere his hatred of the conformity of Versailles which he said must be torn up. Without this Hitler would wipe out no reason to get into politics and start his journey to power.The sparing depression also helped Hitlers rise to power because Ger legion(predicate) was dangerous and the Weimar rebublic had no idea how to solve the problems. People looked for an alternative political relation that they found in the Nazi party. Although I concord already explained how the depression contributed to Hitlers rise to power he may not have had the political k without delayledge to succeed if it werent for the Munich Putsch several years earlier, which had a short term impact on Germany but a long term effect on Hitlers understanding as he now knew how to destroy democracy using democracy.To sum up, each cause was needed for Hitlers rise to power and many s hort term causes wouldnt have happened without the long term ones being set in place first. oppugn 3The accord of Versailles was important to Hitlers rise to power because, it was the cause of Germanys downfall. Hitler mat up very strongly about the Treaty of Versailles and thought the equipment casualty were unfair towards Germany. Many German bulk also despised the treaty, and wanted something done about it. Hitler was there to turn to. He wanted to abolish the treaty and all of it terms. hence the Treaty of Versailles helped to cause the Economic depression, in Germany. Meaning that the treaty and the economic depression were some(prenominal) linked unneurotic strongly, because the treaty told Germany to pay reparation bills, virtually ?6600 million to the countries they dishonored during World War 1. Which meant that Germany did not have much money left for it. This caused the start of the economic downfall, among other(a) issues. This was extremely important to Hitler s rise to power, as it enabled him to help the German lot and use his oratory skills to grain people with his words and won the nations heart.The economic depression, 1923 1929 is linked with Hitlers oratory, genius and leadership. Although it applies more to the economic disaster of 23 because at this time the German people needed someone to turn to for help and Hitler offered to take them over as someone to lead them to a better Germany, Hitler states some ideas for example the abolition of the Treaty of Versailles and the summation of Germany and Austria. These were popular as a lot of Germans also agreed.In my opinion this was the biggest influence to Hitlers rise to power, because all the causes on the list used Hitlers oratory, personality and leadership skills.Hitlers oratory and personality came in to use most in the Munich Putsch situation, when Hitler used his skills to deal with the mess he got in to. He was charged and arrested for treason after hijacking a governme nt meeting and taking over the government of Bavaria. It is linked because in Hitlers trial he impressed the judges so much they only sentenced him to 9 months instead of the normal life sentence. This was important to Hitler if he wouldnt had have been such a great speaker then he would have never had a chance to rule over Germany as well as all the publicity.* All of the reasons on the list were important for Hitler to rise to power in the way that he did. However, even then some reasons are more important than others. Therefore, it is necessary to see which factors were important not only in the way in which he did rise to dictatorship, but also whether Hitler could have risen to power in any other way either with or without some of the factors on the list.Therefore, the Treaty of Versailles was the most important reason on the list to explain why Hitler rose to absolute power in Germany, when he did, how he did, and above all that without it he would have gone into politics but remained a fringe party. The desire in Hitler and others around him was one of the most important reasons why Hitler joined politics. He felt that his country had been betrayed by the NovemberCriminals and that the Treaty of Versailles was too harsh and unfair considering many believed that the German army was still unbeaten.Despite all of this, the Treaty of Versailles was also the most important reason on the list because it was so unfair and because of some of the terms for peace which it stipulated. The main problem was the great loss of German land to other countries and the loss of Germanys industrial heartlands in addition to the great level of reparations. The reparations, which were a result of the Treaty of Versailles and the War Guilt clause, started all of the other factors on the list.If the German people and the army had not felt angered by their handling under the treaty, they would not have been dissatisfied with the victors of the war, and would not have felt so gre at a desire for revenge. The Weimar Republics weakness also stemmed from its link to defeat and never had enough power or support to succeed. If the Weimar Republic had not been so weak, hyperinflation would not have occurred and the reparations would have not affected them as much. Without the hyperinflation and the inability to pay reparations, France would not have invaded the Ruhr, which sparked off the Munich Putsch. Furthermore, without reparations the depression would not have hit Germany so badly because they would have been less dependent* The Treaty of Versailles was important to Hitlers rise to power because, it was the cause of Germanys downfall. Hitler felt very strongly about the Treaty of Versailles and thought the terms were unfair towards Germany. Many German people also despised the treaty, and wanted something done about it. Hitler was there to turn to. He wanted to abolish the treaty and all of it terms. Consequently the Treaty of Versailles helped to cause the E conomic depression, in Germany. Meaning that the treaty and the economic depression were both linked together strongly, because the treaty told Germany to pay reparation bills, around ?6600 million to the countries they damaged during World War 1. Which meant that Germany did not have much money left for it. This caused the start of the economic downfall, among other issues.This was extremely important to Hitlers rise to power, as it enabled him to help the German people and use his oratory skills to impress people with his words and won the nations heart. The economic depression, 1923 1929 is linked with Hitlers oratory, personality and leadership. Although it applies more to the economic disaster of 23 because at this time the German people needed someone to turn to for help and Hitler offered to take them over as someone to lead them to a better Germany, Hitler states some ideas for example the abolition of the Treaty of Versailles and the union of Germany and Austria. These wer e popular as a lot of Germans also agreed. In my opinion this was the biggest influence to Hitlers rise to power, because all the causes on the list used Hitlers oratory, personality and leadership skills.* The causes in Hitlers rise to power may be established in terms of importance, that is how much they contributed to the eventual result. I shall start by choosing a particular reason which I feel to be most important and establish links with other causes from this, although my analysis could change my outlook on the idea of superiority of one cause over another.I have chosen Hitlers oratory, personality and leadership (OPL) to be the most important cause. Hitlers OPL was both long term and sustained consistency and were often used to great effect for varying situations. In court, following the Munich Putsch, Hitler was on the sidelines, and seemed inevitable to a heavy prosecution, although a determined oratory along with a characteristic personality won many over and Hitler was significantly let off the hook. Similarly, before many of the causes expressed for his rise, had it not been for a rallying personality, and a strong-minded personality during his first meeting with the German Workers Party, Hitler would never have created the future of events, such as the Munich Putsch, and the future of Germany could have been very different.Had it not been for many of these skills, he would not been able to capitalise on opportunities in the unique way that he did, for example, a determined personality with an interest for the country following the economic depression allowed propaganda to gain him vast support, and were it not for an oratory in his style, many of the arguments could have sounded feeble and unconvincing as emotions were commonplace in speeches. Thus, the level made is that the very means, by which Hitler tackled situations and the outcomes it gave, are central to these skills in oratory, personality and leadership, and without them, Hitler may n ever have seriously been considered the dictator he became.Hitlers oratory, personality and leadership may be linked to theeconomic depression, as they have strong connections.

Innovations and predecessors Essay Example for Free

Innovations and predecessors EssayAt a first glance, this seems a very spiritual statement from Brook, but through reading it again it shows him trying to replace candor (from the character) with words spoken with deep meaning (from the actor). Although this is only my personal interpretation. Throughout this chapter in The Shifting Point, I noniced that he is constantly asking us, the reader, questions about acting and the theater of operations. At times he answers with his ideas, verbalize us his methods and ideas, when he does answer you can almost hear him shouting, preaching the answers to the reader, which just shows how rageate he is about his field of study. Grotowski is unique. Why? Because no angiotensin converting enzyme else in the world, to my knowledge, no one since Stanislavsky, has investigated the nature of acting, its phenomenon, its meaning, the nature and comprehension of its mental- corporal-emotional processes as deeply and completely as Grotowski. (Brook, 198737) This extract shows that although Brook has oft in common theatric exclusivelyy with Stanislavsky, he has now met someone who uses similar methods but in Brooks eyes, uses these methods in a remedy way. Brook goes on to explain that twain his and Grotowskis work has points of contact and with these they came together.They both need a cluster on stage and mangle stage, on stage actors showing their most intimate truths to the crowd ( earreach) off stage, to sh are an experience with them. In The Shifting Point, Brook re extremitys that Grotowski left behind a daily argufy with the intensity, the honesty and the precision of his work. This practitioner is obviously one that Brook looked up to and shared his knowledge with. Grotowski was ill-famed for retreating from theatre and creating a space for an exhaustive investigation of the basic, physical truths of acting (The Guardian, 20044. 10. 2003) Perhaps the most fundamental development influenced by Artaud wa s the ensemble theatre movement of the 1960s. Exemplified by the Polish Laboratory Theatre of Jerzy Grotowski, lance Brooks Theatre of Cruelty Workshop (Drama and Dramatic Arts, Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia 2004) These productions, which usually came out of months of work, relied on physical movement, unclear language and sound, and often unusual arrangements of space.The Theatre of Cruelty derived from the work of the French actor, poet and theoretician, Antonin Artaud. Artaud was a member of the Surrealist movement and had a vision of art as a means of galvanising ships company and effecting fond pitch. (Halfyard, 2000http//www. maxopus. com/essays/8songs_m. htm) Artaud used the word cruelty not to evoke sadism, but to call us toward a theatre more rigorous, or even, if we could follow him that far, pitiless to us all. (Brook, 198756)The vision of changing society and effecting social change leads to another practitioner who has inspired Peter Brooks theatre, Bertol t Brecht. Brecht felt that drama could instruct and change society therefore, it should be political. He believed that effective theatre should bring the audience to the point of decision and action. No one seriously concerned with the theatre can by-pass Brecht, Brecht is the key figure of our time, and all theatre work nowadays at some point starts or returns to his statements and achievement. (Brook, 196871-72)Brecht wanted a type of theatre in which the audience could focus on a plays themes rather than becoming emotionally involved with its characters. With this, he developed the ground-breaking epic poem theatre, where his actors would read their lines without emotion, allowing the audience to concentrate on the planned moral messages of the play. For Brechts actors, their aim was to create a reaction from the audience, the disaffection that Brecht created. Alienation is cutting, interrupting, holding something up to the light, making us look again.Alienation is above al l an appeal to the spectator to work for himself (Brook, 196872) Going against Stanislavsky and Grotowski, Brecht introduced the idea that fully did not mean lifelike for him, Brecht wanted every actor to go with the action of the play, but understand the true purpose from the authors point of opinion to the needs of the changing world. Brook is less inclined to believe that it is possible to change things merely by pointing things out to people. (Mitter, 199264)Brecht desires the outcome to be social change, whereas Brook wants the end product to go beyond alienation and reveal what we, as a society, want to forget. Brook requires his actors at once to be their characters, and then not to be their characters. Confusing as it may sound, we must recognise that Brook wants his actors to play their characters, but not lose themselves in the action so it seems untrue to real life he needs a sense of reality, their own personalities to come through. It must be conceded that in Brook t his is achieved by the fact that his actors are represented in their drama not by their opinions merely as in Brecht, but by their courageous portrayal of their every evasion, hypocrisy and untruth. (Mitter, 199276-77) Brook does get his inspiration from all of the above practitioners, as well as Meyerhold and Reinhardt through researching Brooks Theatre of Cruelty. I noticed that Brook has more similarities in relation to his theatre to Jerzy Grotowski, they bedevil the same objectives but differing methods in reaching them.Perhaps because this was a nigh(a) friendship as described in The Shifting Point Grotowskis work and ours have parallels and points of contact. Through these, through sympathy, through respect, we came together. (Brook, 198738) Brook utilises various methods from Stanislavsky and Brecht, but there are also disagreements with their methods There is so much of Brechts work I admire, so much of his work with which I disagree totally. (Brook, 198726-27)Like any body who has a passion for something, whether it is art, sport or theatre, Brook has looked to his passion, theatre, and its innovations and predecessors. Brook has took the essential elements from these practitioners and made them his own. The way Brook regularly asks the questions in his books to the reader, does bring the whole text to life as if he is testing the reader on what they have just read you could even compare it to an exam revision textbook.Obviously this is not what the genres of his books are about, both The Shifting Point and The Empty Space are autobiographies of his life in theatre part of the appellation of The Shifting Point even says forty years of theatrical exploration. I feel all of his working in text are learning resources, not just for drama students, but also for anybody who enjoys the theatre to show them the hidden depth of performance, not just linked with the acting- all the elements that make an ideal, true-to-life or alienating performance.

Compare the short story Flowers for Algernon Essay Example for Free

Compare the laconic story Flowers for Algernon quizThe differences among Flowers for Algernon as a shortstop story and as a movie represent the differences amidst the two media. In my essay I am going to fork up, from the differences between the short story and the movie, the differences between the two media, coming up with the conclusion that the short story is the better medium by which to aver this story.One of the most signifi preservet differences between the short story and the movie is the developing of Charlies instance in the story. In the book for example, is nothing said astir(predicate) his family, whereas in the movie is told a lot some his childhood and in the end he also sees his mother. When we see Charlie in the movie mentioning himself as l onenessly, he becomes a much described character than he is in the book. This shows the difference that in a short story we have to develop a character ourselves, but in a movie hardly throughout one picture of a person we already get a description of this character we would never have got in a short story. In the movie we have seen the information about Charlie we immediately get it supported by information about his family.There are also divergent kinds of pathos in short story and movie. With the identification of Charlie Ms Kinnian and in in a flash Algernon with the loneliness in the movie, they identify themselves as sad. This makes the movie much more(prenominal) pathetic than the short story, because in the short story solely the identifying between Charlie and Algernon takes place, which is much less pathetic. What also support the pathos in the movie is the whole perception around the relationship between Charlie and Ms Kinnian. This could represent the fact that a movie has to be more emotional than a short story, so that the people want to see it. But it could also show that someone who is making a movie has to bring in more pathos in his story, because he shows the story o mniscient. That means he has not the chance to tell the story in diary-form and so directly out of the brain of the main character which is much more personal. With short story as diary-form you can see everything through the eyes of the diary writer.To compare the roles of the doctors, doing the operation, also brings up a big difference. In the movie there is no Dr. Nemur, who plays a big role inthe short story. In the short story Dr. Nemur represents the scientific being, which is not always human. Dr. Strauss plays the good, personal and human guy, which also cares about Charlies feelings and his psychology. Now in the movie there is only Dr. Strauss, who then has to represent the scientific world but also has to be the good guy. So two flat characters from the short story can be put into one character in the movie. Because Dr. Strauss is representing two characters, he becomes a grotesque person. This happens, because he has to represent a scientific society, which does not ha ve ethics as basis but also has to represent a world of humanity and ethics, which in the short story represent Dr. Nemur.In my opinion the short story is the more successful medium by which to tell the story, because the movie creates you through a lot of emotions one specialized opinion about what happens to Charlie. Whereas in the short story you have more chance to create your own opinion about the story, which is a very important thing in stories but also in your life.

Decoding Apples Balance Sheet Apa Format Essay Example for Free

Decoding Apples Balance Sheet Apa Format experimentDecoding Apples Balance Sheet In March of 2009, Apple had its best March quarter tax revenue and earnings in Apple history (Apple). In inn to see how this occurred, it is important to look over the financial statements of Apple. There is a lot of information available to investors who are inte abideed in spend in a company. By looking specifically at the balance sheet of Apple I am going to determine if investing in Apple is a good idea or a bad idea. Some things I am going to consider are Apples additions, liabilities, and shareowners equity. These areas should give me insight to how the best quarter in Apple history came to be. sounding at the current assets of Apple, cash and cash equivalents went tear down from 11. 8 gazillion dollars to 4. 4 one thousand thousand dollars. This whitethorn look bad at first, but all of the former(a)wise assets must be added to this in order to get an overall picture of the assets. Short-term marketable securities went up from 10. 2 trillion dollars to 20. 5 billion dollars. This helped Apples assets grow tremendously. Accounts receivable fell to 1. 9 billion dollars from 2. 4 billion dollars. With the rest of the current assets figured in, inventories, deferred tax assets, and other current assets, the tote up current assets rose to 33. billion dollars from 32. 3 billion dollars. That was a ski lift of 1. 5 billion dollars (Apple). It is important to take into account the rest of the assets. For example, semipermanent marketable securities rose 1. 5 billion dollars, property, plant and equipment rose 0. 91 billion dollars, goodwill stayed the same, acquired impalpable assets fell 0. 017 billion dollars, and other assets rose 0. 56 billion dollars. Now that we know how each asset was affected during this quarter, we come to the final numbers, which are total assets rose 3. 6 billion dollars. Apple grew its assets well during this quarter.I would think Appl e would be a good company to invest in. Before I made any decisions I would investigate the balance sheet further in order to par liabilities and shareholders equity with the previous quarter. This will give me a better understanding of the financial situation of the company (Apple). Current liabilities are in the first section of liabilities and shareholders equity. The pastime accounts are current liabilities and how they fared. Accounts payable went down from 5. 5 billion dollars to 3. 9 billion dollars. Accrued expenses went down 1 billion dollars.Deferred revenue went up from 4. 8 billion dollars to 7 billion dollars. The total revision in current liabilities was a decrease of 0. 4 billion dollars. The other two liabilities categories, deferred revenue (non-current) and other non-current liabilities, rose collectively 0. 7 billion dollars. This gives the total liabilities a rise of 0. 3 billion dollars. This summation compared to current assets is not as significant. So far Apple is still looking like a good investment because the assets of Apple rose 1. 5 billion dollars whereas their liabilities only rose 0. 4 billion dollars.It is now time to take a look at the final category of the balance sheet, the shareholders equity (Apple). The value of shareholders equity, common stock, rose from 7. 1 billion dollars to 7. 6 billion dollars. hold earnings also rose it rose from 13. 8 billion dollars to 16. 6 billion dollars. Accumulated other comprehensive income rose . 07 billion dollars. Total shareholders equity rose 3. 3 billion dollars. So adding together the rise of 0. 4 billion dollars in liabilities with the 3. 3 billion dollar rise of the shareholders equity, we get the same amount, 3. 7 billion dollars, as we got for the rise in total assets.

Development Assistance Essay Example for Free

knowledge Assistance EssayThe best way for international donors to quicken maturation in poor Asiatic countries is to maximize overseas developmental assistance. ODA should be provided both to governments directly and to international and topical anesthetic NGOs. Development washstand be considered as one of the some omnipresent concepts today. This term had been a commonplace in governments and non-governmental organizations alike(predicate) (Nault, 2008). Overseas developmental assistance also referred to as official overseas assistance (ODA), had been a merry part of world economies especially to those who belong to the third world. As early as 1960s, under actual and develop countries have seen the importance of receiving grants in forms of ODA from more positive countries (Berlage and Stokke, 1992) It is now given that most of the countries, which be underdeveloped, or those who ar still in the suffice of ontogenesis argon indeed in great deal of ODAs coming f rom their more developed counterparts. The lack of resources on the part of the poor countries makes them suffer the opportunity price of not attending to other pressing issues in deep down their territories.This paper allow for present arguments in two fold. First, it give make a point on how international donors can quicken development in poor Asian countries by maximizing the measure it gives through ODAs. Second, it will argue on why is there a necessity to give funds directly to international and local NGOs instead than just giving it to the government it having the sole discretion on the funds disbursement. Similar to the case in developed countries, rising and relentless budget deficits had become one of the major causes for concern in ontogeny countries.Asian countries have been suffering from massive budget deficits for the past recent years (Gupta, 1992). Given that most of the developing and underdeveloped countries argon suffering from budget deficit, there really is a need that ODAs should be intensified in order to address other social concerns that atomic number 18 beingness neglected by the governments due to lack of budget. These social concerns, which deals with welfare and other public issues are often taken for give by governments despite their noble ideas because they lack resources in financing these programs.If resources will be provided through ODA, the local government will be better equipped of set downing service to their people. Aside from mere stinting progress, development must also entail improvements with regard to life expectancy, education levels, literacy, and access to resources (Nault, 2008). With more funds, which are easily available to finance social programs of the government, people may easily reap the benefits of ODAs coming from developed countries. The funds coming from the ODA can be allocated to programs aimed at empowering the grassroots and improving the living conditions of the people.With regard to scotch progress, there is also a great need for the funds, which are given by more developed countries. Given the lack of resources of underdeveloped countries, they have no enough assets to stimulate their respective economies. Nowadays, government-initiated economic policies are necessary to save the worsening condition of the global economy. The world economy is being threatened by massive recessions. Hence, there is a necessity for state intervention in stimulating the economy. ODAs can be employ by the government to back up state-initiated economic programs aimed at ameliorating the countrys economy.ODAs may be used as capital by the government and also as enthronement so that it would yield to higher profits in the future. ODAs can also be used by the government in coming up with schemes that will help protect the economy from the global cut back of economic downturns by implementing regulations, which will somehow put safety nets to the national economy. ODAs may be used in employment training and job creation in order to assure that the citizens of the country are equipped with appropriate knowledge, which they may use in finding employment.Having established the necessity of increasing the amount of ODAs being transferred by developed countries to their poorer and less fortunate counterparts of Asia, the argumentation will shift towards the necessity of deviate funds not only to state governments but to non-governmental organizations as well. First, the author of this paper acknowledges the vital grapheme being played by the government with regard to managing ODAs. Much substance have been given front in this paper and it is beyond argumentation that state-government acceptance of ODAs is indeed necessary.However, a new concept is being realized and offered which relates to the offering of ODAs from developed nations directly to international and local NGOs in the country. Perhaps one of the reasons to such(prenominal) proposition is the lesse ning trust of developed nations to their underdeveloped counterparts in Asia when it comes with governance. Many Asian countries, especially those who are financially-burdened, are often described in the international arena as engaging in the process of misaddression.Documented evidence is being studied to support such claim (Lindsey and Dick, 2002). Good governance within the public sphere is indeed crucial in creating an environment, which will help mobilize resources, both domestically and internationally as well ( transcription for Economic Co-operation and Development, 2002). Grantors of ODAs take into consideration the political climate within the country, which will receive their grant. They give premium to those who are practicing good governance. However, most countries in Asia had been involved in cases associate to corruption.Hence, they do not appear as flawless to those who are institutionalizeing them their ODAs. On the other hand, NGOs send a message of altruism to the international community. These NGOs project an image that they are indeed concerned in bringing progress to the countries where they have offices in. They appear as the good guys, whose business is to promote the welfare of the oppressed. NGOs are also offering programs that are aimed at bringing progress and development to their host countries. Sometimes, such programs from the NGOs are not being offered by state-governments.Another point is the fact that since grantors of aids are losing trust to corrupt governments, they are finding alternative channels to send their ODAs to residents of the receiving countries. Most NGOs in the international levels have earn themselves of the reputation to help others due to their noble causes. In spite of the manner as to how developed countries will be sending in their grants, what matters most is the fact that these grants are indeed helpful in bring progress and development to underdeveloped countries. References Berlage L. and Stokke, O. (1992). Evaluating Development Assistance Approaches and Method.London Routledge Publishing. Gupta, K. L. (1992). Budget Deficits and Economic Activity in Asia. London, Routledge Publishing. Lindsey, T. and Dick, H. W. (2002). Corruption in Asia rethinking the governance paradigm. Annandale NSW Federation Press. Nault D. M. (2008). Development in Asia Interdisciplinary, Post-Neoliberal, and Transnational Perspectives. Boca Raton Brown Walker Press. Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (2002). Official development assistance and private finance attracting finance and investment to developing countries. Paris OECD Publishing.

Juvenile Probation and Community-based Corrections Essay Example for Free

Juvenile Probation and Community-based Corrections EssayThis society is much more(prenominal) different than that of yesterday. Today, the country is encountering the biggest economic crisis, the war against Iraq seems to be endless, and the offensive rates atomic number 18 increasing to a highly alarming level. As depressing as this current situation appears, the even more devastating part is that the insubstantials ask been parti completelyy responsible for the crime and violence all over the country. Juvenile delinquents atomic number 18 young people. To be more specific, they ar individuals below the legal age or under eighteen who have been convicted of a crime. In some states, the legal age for criminal liability has been lowered down to 14 years gaga (Hill Hill, 2005). Criminal Justice System is a real complicated and diverse field, and the aspect concerning juvenile immorality has al shipway been on top of controversies and heated debates. These young people a re in the early stages of their lives and as such, it is difficult to devise and implement the exact measure that will be necessary and rough-and-ready for them to regard their lesson.E actuallybody knows that breaking the law and committing serious crime and violence are unthinkable however, a more unacceptable and heartbreaking thought would be finding out that the law offenders and crime doers are children who, at their very young age, are supposed to be blissfully unaware of the devastating aspect of being a grown-up. They should be in school studying, playing and enjoying their innocence (McCurley Snyder, 2004).Examining all the different angles of juvenile delinquency chamberpot be a very complex process, and as such, different measures and approaches are necessary. The observation make by many was that the plans and programs enacted focus too much in the offense, and they may have lost their perspective on the preaching. Some states lowered the age of accountability fr om juveniles to adults. The judgeships, on the other hand, created minimum sentences depending on the offense. The problem created in these situations lie in the application.These are offense-based strategies. They create an assumption that the early days who committed a crime should be dealt with no matter what. These laws completely disregard the age, level of maturity, individual differences, and the competence of the person in do judgments. For instance, in Virginia, New York, and other states, laws relating to juveniles have been adjusted to include young children who committed serious crimes to be tried as adults and not as juveniles (University of Pittsburgh, n. d. ).When asked about this new reform, these states simply stated that there are propagation when the child committed crimes in ways that are heinous and unthinkable, and as such, the acts send awaynot be perceived as the works of a child. Therefore, the court deemed it proper that they be tried and punished as a dults (MoneyInstructor. com, 2009). reclamation and not punishment should be the main aim of juvenile delinquency laws. The presumption is that adolescents are very fragile during their growing years. Thus, they should be treated with extreme care and sensitivity.In order to make an effective prevention plan, one must first understand the persons main reason in being involved in these criminal activities in order for different methods and approaches in disciplining them to be enforced. The political science has not given up hope in reaching out to these youngsters, so they made in stock(predicate) companionship and residential handlings as well as non-residential and institutionalized treatments. A person will be householdd by the court on probation when it becomes convinced that the child poses no harm or insecurity to himself and to the society.Probation is a supervised program commanded by the court of competent jurisdiction in instances wherein the offender is a youthfulne ss which has been convicted of a criminal act. In this case, the persons freedom is limited, and his or her activities are curb and are under the custody of the Department of Juvenile Justice. It is mandated by the court that the youth should follow all the conditions and sanctions in connection with the offense (Florida Department of Juvenile Justice, 2005).Some of the conditions under which a youth is released for probation are being home on a specific time of the day upon the request of the probation officer, attending school, and obeying its rules and regulations constantly. The court may also order the youth to avoid going to a particular type of place and to avoid mingling with a group of people. As of 1999, statistics show that four out of ten juvenile delinquency cases or approximately more than one half were placed under probation (Elrod Ryder, 2005).Community-based correction and treatment pertains to the different kinds of overseeing, control, and support for the youth offenders. These plans and programs were organized because the giving medication firmly believes that one of the efficient and effective ways to influence the young people to change their bad attitudes and behaviors and become a better person is to helper and give them responsibilities that belong to a normal person within a particular community of interests of interests (Elrod Ryder, 2005). It is authoritative for the juvenile to be affiliated with a group.This will give him or her a chance to socialise and be acquainted with other people with whom he or she can relate to. This environment is oddly set up and programmed for the children to feel as normal as possible and for them to be engaged in community-related activities. Making these youngsters feel that they are significant and accepted in the society will help facilitate up their reclamation. The government strongly supports the community treatment for juveniles because of the symbiotic relationship created.In this atm osphere, everybody has a post to play therefore, no one would feel less important and insignificant (Streib Sametz, 2006). Restitution has also been made a part of the community treatment. In restitution, the offender gives either monetary payment or community service in proportion to the damages that the victim suffered. This is a way of reimbursing the victim for everything that he or she experienced because of the crime. The rationale behind this type of treatment is that rehabilitation in the lightest and mildest form may premise the offender to think about what he did.Putting a child in a penal establishment even for just a minor infraction would not rehabilitate him or her it would misuse the childs life and his or her perspective for the worst, thereby destroying his or her life (Streib Sametz, 2006). Community-based programs for correction and rehabilitation aim to achieve several objectives. These include but are not limited to sanctioning the youth offenders, assisti ng them in identifying themselves in relation to the community that they belong to, and helping them realize that being in this program is much better than being placed inside a penal establishment.There are times when they should realize the truth of their current situation because some of these young offenders resist being helped and would rather be put in an institution. Helping them see the possibilities and changes that may occur by reason of their cooperation in the community will help them gain a variety of new perspectives, and in some instances, this is an effective schema (Elrod Ryder, 2005). Every treatment given is on a case-to-case basis depending on the situation.Thus, there is no treatment proven to be most effective for all juveniles. The community-based treatment generates different results. The test to measure whether or not a program worked is the recidivism rate. If the offender, after finishing the rehabilitation plan, never committed another crime again, that is only the time when the program can be declared as effective (Streib Sametz, 2006). There are also several pieces of evidence that prove that this program is less inexpensive than institutional-based programs.Other programs for youth offenders have been evaluated, and according to the findings, they do not produce great improvement as shown by subsequent acts of the offenders. The government was not surprised to a certain extent because the disparity between the community-based approach and other types of programs can be readily ascertained. Due to these results, some states are making a huge effort to alternate their plan of action to community-based systems (Streib Sametz, 2006). There are many factors that come into play regarding the causes and effects of juvenile delinquency.The parents, the church, and the community greatly influence the upbringing of these children. In most cases, the root of the problem for these youth is lack of self-acceptance, guidance, and attentio n. The hereafter of the country lies in the hands of these children, and if they mess up their present, they will have no future onwards of them. The juvenile justice system is continuing and struggling to attain its purpose in giving the youth a second chance at life because of that promising hope of a brighter tomorrow for the intact country.

Causes and spread of infection Essay Example for Free

Causes and blossom forth of infection EssayBacteria. These organisms atomic itemise 18 made up of just one cell. They have the power to start out so potful breed on their own. Some bacterium atomic number 18 injuryless and privy be of use in the aid of digestion and atomic number 18 rig in the intestines. Other bacteria screwing be the reach of diseases. These bacteria have to find a way in to the ashes to be of harm and can brand their way by means of the skin or be digested and attack our immune system. Viruses. These micro-organisms ar very tiny. They invade living normal cells and use these cells to multiply and produce other viruses like themselves. at long last this kills off the normal cell and can make you ill. Parasites. These are micro-organisms that live off other organisms or a host so they are able to survive. Some parasites dont affect the host. only others grow, reproduce, or can even give off toxins that make the host sick resulting in a p arasitic infection. They include protozoan, fungi, and multi-cellular organisms. Fungi. These are single celled organisms a little bigger than bacteria. They do not make their own solid food so they get their food from absorbing the nutrients from their surroundings. Common illnesses and infections causes.BacteriaAcute run-down Fever Anthrax, Bacterial Vaginosis, Botulism, Brucellosis,Cholera. Diptheria. Gastro recruititis. Legionn nimbuses Disease . Listeriosis.Meningitis Salmonella. E.Col. Staphylococcus Aureus Infection. Tetanus.Toxic Shock Syndrome.. Tuberculosis Typhoid . Whooping Cough (Pertussis)Viruses. measles Mumps Rubella Influenza Polio Hepatitis A+B Herpes 1+2 human immunodeficiency virus Noro VirusParasitesSleeping sickness Thread, Hook and Tape wormsScabies Malaria Head Lice ElephantiasisFungiAspergillosis, Blastomycosis, Candidacies, Warts, Athletes Foot, Thrush Ring convolute Tinia Capitis.Infection is when the the body is invaded with micro-organisms that multipl y these can be bacterial, viruses and parasites which are not norm all toldy found in the body. Colonisation is the presence and multiplying of micro-organisms and can be found on or in an separate the individual can be a carrier of the infection but may have no signs or symptoms of illness, although they can infect others. Systemic infection this means that the infection is widespread without the body and essential be assumed to be in all organs. Localised infection. This means that an infection caused by bacteria is limited to a certain area. Bacteria invade the body at a specific order and stay on there, multiplying, until treated.Infection can enter the body by breathing it in, ingesting it by eating begrime food. And absorption done the skin or via an open wound Poor practice that may bullock to the spread of infection can be Poor mortalal hygiene, not washing hands correctly, not using PPE. The incorrect disposal of rubbish and waste materials. not storing or cooking foods properly, not change your surroundings, not covering your nose or mouth when sneezing or coughing, sway contact with embodied fluids not following policies or reporting outbreaks or episodes of disease, Conditions necessityed for growth of micro-organisms includeMoisture micro-organism need water to grow. Water must flow freely in and out of cells for the transfer of nutrients and waste products. usurp Temperature The majority of human pathogens are Mesophilic. These can grow between a wide range of temperatures 5-63*C Body temperature is 37 degrees this is the ideal temperature for these bacteria to multiply. If it is too cold accordingly the bacteria can remain dormant. And too hot a temperature can slow the growth down. Nutrients All microorganisms need a food source. Thefood sources can vary, but the organisms extract nutrients from substances such as proteins, fats and carbohydrates.Every micro-organism needs a pastiche of carbon, nitrogen, phosphate, sulphur, wate r and vitamins. Proper pH Most human micro-organisms are within the acidophilus group this means that they select a pH or 0.0-5.4 Gases Most micro-organisms require an environment of 5-10% CO2. Time bacteria can multiply in 10-20 minutes in these conditions. In the correct conditions micro-organism are able to grow, respire, and reproduce. Sources of infection and how they enter the bodyFood all bacteria need food to grow. Vegetables and raw meat from each animal are significant sources of contamination. Bacteria are always present in animal intestines. These can spread through with(predicate) meat products during slaughter or when a product is minced. . The bacteria can then get carried through the food chain. If the meat product is not cooked properly then the bacteria enter the body through the mouth and are absorbed through the digestive system once we have eaten them.Water Stored, untreated or incorrectly treated sources of drinking water carry morbific micro-organism like rivers, lakes and reservoirs which can cause infections. These enter the body by the mouth and enter the digestive system once we have wino the contaminated water. Soil Dirt there are many bacteria living in soil. These can cause infection if food is not washed properly in clean water and any food preparation surfaces that have been used need to be cleaned well. These bacteria can be then carried through the food chain and then enter the body through the mouth and again are absorbed through the digestive system when we eat. These bacteria can to a fault be familial through equalize and we can then ingest these as it is easy for our hands to become contaminated and if we flummox our hands in or near our mouths then we can ingest them.Also if our hands are not clean and we touch un contaminated food it can easily end up graceful contaminated. mountain Healthy people carry pathogenic bacteria this can be found in the mouth .nose. Skin, hair ears throat, cuts and spots. If sufferi ng with an infection, diarrhoea and or vomiting you should not handle food. Infection can be transferred by touch. Some diseases like scabies and herpes can be transferred by direct skin to skin contact. People who have an infectionlike a cold and who then touch inanimate objects can leave germs these germs may be survive for a certain length of time, if other person touches these objects the germs can be passed on to them. Disease can besides be passed on from person to person through coughing and sneezing.Droplets can be sprayed into the air and these can enter a persons body through inhalation when they breathe. Sexual contact and the exchange of bodily fluids like seamen can carry infections like HIV. Air, Dust, Dirt Food Waste dust and dirt are carried through the air and these contain millions of microscopic particles of dead skin, food and other debris that are covered in pathogenic bacteria. These bacteria can enter the body via the nose and lungs when we breathe. As the y can also be found in the surroundings around us these can be transmitted and enter the body via touch.Animals Pests insects and animals all carry harmful micro-organisms on and in their bodies. (You only need to think of the activities of a fly and what it lives and lands on). Their droppings, eggs, fur, inhabit materials, mites, and dead bodies can all cause contamination As animals are mobile these are transmitted very easily and infection can be spread where ever they go .some enter the body directly in to the blood stream like the spread of malaria via the mosquito. Others can leave the surroundings that are contaminated and spread through touch. These can enter the body when we touch ourselves or our food.Sewage contamination from this is dangerous it contains many pathogens and allergens that fester in sewage and are responsible for a great number of infections. Airborne infections can be caused by sewage these can enter the body via inhalation. These pathogens can also be present in the water supply and food in surrounding areas and can enter the body via ingestion. Infection can also be spread by touch and animals. RISKA person is more likely to pick up an infection if they have a poor immune system. The frail and elderly, babies and young children, people on immune suppressant medication as it compromises their immune system. People with long-term illnesses, cancer patients who are undergoing chemotherapy. People who are convalescing, pregnant women and their unborn baby. There are also people who come into regular contact with infectious agents these peoplehave a higher jeopardize of picking up an infection. For example care workers, people who deal with infectious waste, medical staff. Sewage plant workers

Emerging Logistics Strategy Essay Example for Free

appear Logistics body EssayThe purpose of this paper is to identify and describe the emerging strain logistics strategies which get to emerged in the commercialize place over the last few decades and in anyow remain dominant well into the better half of twenty first century. Analysis with with(predicate) this work lead argue that the two strategical concepts, viz. introduce bowed stringed instrument integration and regular recurrence sentence contraction, represent distinctly different yet antonymous burn downes to corporate logistics which form the frameworks around which hundreds of firms be classing successful logistics system. INTRODUCTIONLogistics schema is the science of evaluating the some(a) m itary comfort efficacious methodology of distri aloneing goods to grocery store place while achieving wait on level purposes. It is grave for companies to recognize that logistics system shadower be increase-specific, guest-specific, and loc ation-specific and that allow cooking stoves for all(prenominal) industry be dynamic and evolving. It is al shipway a challenge for logistics outline planners to set a series of logistics strategies for different clients, integrating manpower, facilities and work unravel in the logistics strategies unneurotic to compromise with otherwise clients logistics strategies.The choice of an appropriate and legal logistics scheme essential be guided by the objectives of the firm as well as by its capabilities and imaginations. In addition, the startment of successful logistics strategy essential recognize and deal with important factors and conditions in the firms external business environment. The environment of logistics has salmagundid greatly beca drill of spherical integration and the gradual shortening of life story cpss of products. For that earth a brief over catch of what argon, perhaps, the most signifi discountt of these factors in the business environment ilk change magnitude globoseization, mergers and acquisitions, downsizing, forward-looking IT systems etc. ar in any case discussed.In this paper, way of lifern-day logistics strategy and evolution of emerging strategies like SCM and Cycle cartridge holder diminution go outing be explained. capital punishment issues and other challenges like reaping the benefits of IT,choosing a trade-off between complementary strategies integration issues etc. ar elaborately discussed.This paper will mostly discuss the logistics strategy which the companies are adopting to succeed in the emerging markets like India, mainland China etc. Emerging markets are enough hot destinations for carrying out business mainly because of overture to low toll labors and hooey. However at the selfsame(prenominal) epoch how the firm rationalises the risk associated with doing business in foreign territory and how it manages the associated speak to of transport will too be discussed. Logistics Str ategy and its importanceWhen a party creates a logistics strategy it is defining the overhaul levels at which its logistics organization is at its most cost effective. Because supply scopes are eternally changing and evolving, a comp any(prenominal) may develop a calculate of logistics strategies for specific product lines, specific countries or specific guests. The supply chemical fibril eternally changes and that will affect any logistics organization. To adapt to the flexibility of the supply scope, companies should develop and implement a formal logistics strategy. This will allow a company to identify the collision of imminent changes and accomplish organizational or mathematical physical processal changes to ensure service levels are non reduced. Parameters Involved in Developing a Logistic StrategyA company nates start to develop a logistics strategy by looking at four distinct levels of their logistics organization. * Strategic By examining the companys obj ectives and strategic supply mountain range closings, the logistics strategy should review how the logistics organization contributes to those high-level objectives. * Structural The logistics strategy should examine the structural issues of the logistics organization, much(prenominal) as the optimal number of warehouses and dissemination centers or what products should be realized at a specific manufacturing plant.* Functional Any strategy should review how each separate function in the logistics organization is to achieve functional excellence. * Implementation The differentiate to developing a successful logistics strategy is how it is to be implemented across the organization. The plan for implementation will hold development or configuration of an randomness system, introductionof new policies and procedures and the development of a change counsel plan.Components to Examine when Developing a Logistics StrategyWhen examining the four levels of logistics organization, all components of the summons should be examined to fix whether any potential cost benefits keister be achieved. in that location are different component areas for each company but the lean should at least include the following * Transportation Does the authoritative transportation strategies help service levels? * Outsourcing What outsourcing is used in the logistics function? Would a league with a third caller logistics company rectify service levels? * Logistics Systems Do the current logistics systems provide the level of information that is required to successfully implement a logistics strategy or are new systems required?* Competitors polish up what the competitors offer. Can changes to the companys client service improve service levels? * Information Is the information that drives the logistics organization real- beat and exact? If the data is inaccurate then the decisions that are made will be in error. * Strategy Review Are the objectives of the logistics or ganization in line with company objectives and strategies. A successfully implemented logistics strategy is important for companies who are dedicated to keeping service levels at the highest levels possible despite changes that occur in the supply twine.Current logistics operating environmentSince 1990s, the environment of logistics has changed greatly because of global integration and the gradual shortening of life round of golfs of products. The way of life of urinate in enterprises has changed from the traditional mass output mode led by products into the mass customization production mode to facilitate increasing global market competition. Srinivasa (2001) argueed out three main reasons of such revolution.1. reposition of manufacturing strategyIn the past, logistics was recognized as a distinct function with the rise of mass production systems. Since 1990s, the Japanese philosophy of distributed manufacturing and lean manufacturing has become the key technique which is wi dely adopted around the world. Consequently, the logistics unconscious process isforced to change in order to fit such new Japanese manufacturing strategy. As a whole, logistics has become an extremely complicated process in which expert companionship is required.2. Change of node conveyBusiness environment as a whole is becoming extremely volatile. As product life round of drinks becomes shorter, causers canful no yener push their products down the supply grasp easily. On the contrary, it is the consumer who pulls the products on this supply chain. Price and quality are no longer sufficient to thrive in this market. As speed to market and flexibility of the supply chain become the winning criteria, logistics focal point has grown lots more(prenominal)(prenominal) complex in order to satisfy these conditions simultaneously.3. GlobalizationAs enterprises expand their markets beyond internal boundaries, the privation for more sophisticated function like multi-modal tr ansport and international trade rules compliance increases. Hence, soma of logistics operation is essential in order to achieve great efficiency and effectiveness on these issues. These issues revealed the complexness of logistics focussing in that traditional logistics operation which includes large quantity of stock retentiveness and distribution can non implement the real time, flexibility logistics service demand among the supply chain parties. muchover, since logistics network has became more complex, it takes time to make critically decision in resource allocation and work task arrangement accurately. In the current dynamic scenario where business landscape has changed a lot and more and more business are becoming customer centric firms ask realized that to remain competitive they need to pass logistics as a part of their strategy and not just another function. Companies have gained strong advantages over their competitors by concentrate and crafting a logistics str ategy which suits their demand. However, on that point is no fixed Logistics strategy root in place for any type of industry.It depends on and varies from the type of goods, nature of industry, the market it serves etc. Below are some of the questions that a firms logistics strategy must trade. Fast / Slow -A company logistics strategy must handle fast moving products differently from slow and medium moving products within their owndistribution center(s) and within their distribution network. It is to be seen is it economically beneficial to set up regional fast facilities and a alter slow facility? DSD / Non-stock A company must have a clear understanding of all of the cost components and lost profit opport social unities for products that are deemed Direct store Deli truly or non-stock items. There has to be a logistics strategy in place that clearly delineates when an item should be inventoried.Third Party serve -Does your company need to own and/or operate its own distr ibution facilities or is it more effective to have third party logistics providers manage some or all aspects of your logistics functions? What are the economical, service and other considerations your company needs to consider before taking these steps? Hub and Spoke -Are there economical cost of goods advantages to sourcing products into a centralized distribution center that subsequently distributes to regional facilities or branches through a hub and talk distribution network? Inbound Logistics -Are there opportunities to reduce your set down cost of goods through improved inward logistics strategy including stretch consolidation, reduced intervention, backhauls, etc.?Outbound Logistics-Are there opportunities to reduce your outbound transportation be through improved private fleet routing? Through improved carrier rate shopping, through load consolidation opportunities, etc.? Facility Consolidation-Is your company operating too some distribution centers that are underutil ized? What are the economical benefits and service contacts of closing one or more of your distribution points? Inventory reducing-Is your company carrying the pay assortment and line levels to achieve service level objectives?To minimize document assets, to minimize storage and handling be? Supply Chain-Are there opportunities to work with your trading partners to reduce supply chain complexities and improve service levels for specific products / vendor product lines? Are there internal supply chain policies that hinder cost-effective trading operations? Global Logistics-Are there opportunities to improve global logistics to reduce inventory levels in the supply chain? To reduce order roulette wheel propagation? To reduce supplier lead time? To reduce logistics cost?With these questions in mind we proceed to see what have been few emerging and successful strategies and what the challenges in implementing them are.Emerging Logistic StrategiesGiven the expanding complexities of global operations, information about logistics be and capabilities is crucial to evaluating whether and how to leverage emerging markets as a means for increasing profit margin. Globally, there has been a trend to source from or manufacture in low-cost jurisdictions and emerging markets. This trend, however, is often offset by increased logistics costs and delivery times, along with a growing number of complexities that need to be managed. Senior management has begun to realize that lowering unit procurement costs does not interpret directly to lower per-unit match landed costs the essential costs associated with importing goods or parts from distant emerging market locations. The complexities of managing logistics in emerging market locations ultimately add to the total landed costs of the associated goods. Therefore, the process of redesigning supply chain operations to get logistics management capabilities in emerging markets is a fundamental dimension of a long-term bu siness strategy.Components of this strategy should include a center on on end-to-end incorporated operations design and sound process discipline. Further, this focus should include a means to achieve flexibility, responsiveness and resiliency to alter more effective competition in todays environment of increasingly dynamic global business conditions. To leverage opportunities in emerging markets, companies must transition or expand from managing logistics in a limited number of local geographies to managing them in emerging market geographies worldwide in a very efficient, agile room that jump outs the responsiveness and flexibility associated with an On Demand Business. Companies can leverage specific approaches to transforming their global logistics capabilities and better sustenance the business goals of lower cost sourcing or fulfillment by taking advantage of emerging market jurisdictions.Global supply chain management a rapidly changing environment Because of competitiv e pressures in the global grocery store, companies are rapidly migrating to low-cost sources of labor and materials, which are typically located in countries that withal represent emerging market opportunities. But the speed of this change may bring challenges associated with escalating shipping costs and increased supply chain risk, and these challenges could exceed a companys internal skill and resource capacity. Ifyou are adopting global sourcing practices, you may not yet have the foreign trade escort indispensable to manage regulatory compliance and related global supply chain management complexities. For example, ten-fold, autonomous business units within an organization can contribute to a fragmented logistics process as well as create disoriented opportunities for supplement economies-of-scale.Individual business units may also lack the indispensable economies-of-scale requisite to establish a competitive foothold and gain sufficient influence in emerging markets. equilibrise inbound and outbound supply chain logistics requires a comprehensive strategy that incorporates all the key functions of a supply chain to accelerate or expand sourcing from emerging markets. This visible horizontally integrated approach also helps you make strategic decisions regarding partnerships, shipping and other factors, to help ensure that savings from global sourcing are not eroded by increased logistics costs. Even more significantly, such a strategy can enable you to go beyond sourcing to position your organization to leverage your logistics capabilities to sell and distribute products within those emerging markets.Challenges to supplement emerging markets in supply chain cost management As you expand your geographic pass around of global sourcing into emerging markets, you will likely encounter a growing number of supply chain and logistics challenges, some of which directly or indirectly contribute to a large portion of total landed costs. Each issue ca n be grouped into one of two categories tangible or intangible. visible challenges of working in emerging markets include obvious things such as the limited physical groundwork of roads, bridges, harbors and airports. Other limiting items include the communications understructure needed to support the necessary IT connectivity. As constraints collectable to infrastructure bottlenecks represent a clear challenge, authorities agencies are more aptly able to focus on these items because the benefit for improvement ex run extraneouss beyond just the business sector. Enhancements to physical infrastructure help the greater population of the emerging marketplace and contribute to modernizing an entire region or industry. Physical infrastructure improvements tend to have greater visibility andpolitical momentum, and often involve just a few government agencies. For example, the current infrastructure expansion in China as described by EFT Re face in late 20051 Between 2005 and 2008, more than US$70 billion per annum will be worn out(p) to create 75,000 new miles of expressways Forty-three airports have been added since 2001, a major(ip) focus for expansion By 2010, China plans to double the number of shipping port berths from the 34,000 currently in use and will spend roughly US$6 billion each year to do so Between 2005 and 2020, China will build 25,000 km of new rail lines at a cost of US$250 billion. The net cause of current infrastructure limitations in China and other emerging markets are longer-than-expected lead times and greater division in encumbrance vibration times. These factors have a direct impact on have inventory levels and the boilersuit cash-to-cash cycle time both of which drive the need to tie up more working capital in the supply chain. These shipment cycle time delays, which can be typical, are often offset by shifting to expedited, or premium freight service levels. However, these shifts to faster service levels are what signific antly erode the expected savings in procurement and sourcing. mend tangible infrastructure and expansion challenges within emerging markets often get the most press and visibility, it is the intangible items that create the sterling(prenominal) headaches for global logistics managers. The list of intangibles consists of items that often carry hidden costs not fully grasped by companies entering an emerging market. Included are all the tariffs, duties, taxes, customs declarations processes, security and compliance requirements, and the daunting task of traffic with government agencies and multiple third parties in a foreign language. The complexity is exacerbated by variables that can constantly change and remain in a near-fluid state. Managing day-to-day events is complicated by the need to factor in multiple working locations, distant time zones, multiple handoffs of products and associated information, different national holidays, language and cultural barriers, and the ongoing regulatory changes.For example, effective January 1, 2006, the Ministry of Commerce of China updated numerous regulations for export processing zones, while at the same time Chinese customs issued new regulations for bonded logistics parks that support export-related handling activities. Understanding how such changesimpact your supply chain requires in-country operating experience and deep collaborative relationships with logistics services providers who manage daily in this dynamic environment. Not to be overlooked is the significant influence that culture and management style can have on implementing and managing a logistics operation.For example, some of the fundamental differences prevalent in the Far East brush avoidance, top-down decision making and agreements formed through handshakes with less(prenominal) regard to contractual specifics are the norm. art object the Western approach to dealing with supply chain partners and vendors is to collaborate and survey a win-win outcome, that attitude rarely prevails in many emerging market locations. Do not underestimate the impact of negotiating style and approach for dealing with suppliers found in different business cultures. In emerging market countries where rule of righteousness can be erratic, establishing sound relationships with known entities is critical.Getting a jump on technical obstacles to integrated supply chain management Leveraging emerging markets as both product source and product destination can be a dynamic response to global market pressures however, many companies are not well positioned to take advantage of these opportunities. The key objectives for the technical aspects of managing logistics in emerging markets are to build flexibility into the design, develop a core competency to bring logistics suppliers on board in a seamless fashion, and to enable meaningful information capture that supports continuous improvement. For example, effective supply chain management depends on v isibility into the status and location of in-transit materials and products, but many companies do not have these systems in place.Fortunately, many engine room-based solutions are available from a range of providers. Nearly all transportation companies offer some type of shipment status or information-sharing system accessible through their Web sites. In addition, there are dozens of advanced logistics planning and execution software applications that companies can install and use themselves. While there is no comprehensive solution that effectively serves all industry verticals and logistics partners across the supply chain, it ashes critical that companies efficiently integrate multiple applications across diverse trading partners. Even with an integrated value chain that seeks toleverage leading applications, true visibility into order and shipment status across the logistics chain depends on tightly defined processes and the ability of all logistics partners to exchange and p rovide timely status reports on materials in transit.Managing logistics within and international of emerging market locations can make these processes even more dispute the increase in variables makes consistent execution and the timely exchange of information very difficult to achieve. Meanwhile, the very nature of an emerging market means that the number of logistics services providers with the appropriate experience is limited. And switching logistics providers can be very expensive. So part of the challenge becomes finding partners who either have the appropriate experience or have established networks and partnerships with reputable local providers. Managing and mitigating the risks associated with emerging market logistics In order to address the challenges of leveraging emerging markets as a cost reducing, and eventually, a profit-boosting strategy, companies are finding that they need to develop a strategy for managing logistics that can support multiple service-level req uirements.As one element of such a logistics strategy, you need to determine how, where and to what extent the services of logistics suppliers should be engaged. There are several logistics management options to consider before you enter a new or emerging market. One end of the spectrum involves developing all-encompassing multifunction logistics talent within your company, and then managing specific tactical activities and numerous contracts with logistics suppliers that provide narrowly defined services within a specific region or country.In this scenario, pitfalls include the time it takes to develop or recruit the necessary level of logistics talent and leadership, and the administrative cost of managing dozens, if not hundreds, of logistics suppliers. The other end of the spectrum involves leveraging already established and proven capabilities of a few logistics service providers or even one who can orchestrate the many activities, dependencies, and relationships across a gl obal logistics network. Companies taking this approach are able to pit to new and emerging opportunities in a shorter, more cost-effective time horizon. watch 1 summarizes the spectrum of relationships with logistics partners. invention 1 Logistics service provider optionsWhile core asset-based logistics providers are critical to logistics execution, there continues to be a competitive desire among service providers to offer strategically integrated solutions with a global reach that include already established relationships in key emerging market locations. As companies decide which model to pursue and which logistics service provider(s) to engage as potential long-term partners in an emerging market, there are a number of factors to consider Experience with integrating logistics across the supply chain and related business functions such as direct procurement Demonstrated ability to lead supply chain transformation in phased initiatives that align with current and future custo mer requirements An understanding of the unique characteristics of the emerging market(s) where you are considering expanding sourcing activities or establishing operations and distribution capabilities Familiarity with your industry vertical and the nature of your supply chain requirements Proven capabilities to advise on support and manage international trade and customs regulations The capacity to offer robust middleware as an enabler of cross-functional IT integration with multiple supply chain partners The experience and capacity to act as information broker between you and your supply chain partners Infrastructure and business process designs that are highly scalable and redundant A baseball swing record of solid fiscal health and sound corporate governance A global logistics view in alignment with a top-down business strategy helps to avoid a piecemeal logistics assure or outsourcing management approach that could exacerbate the challenge of integration and shipment v isibility. Your approach to outsourcing should help you develop a responsive, plug and play, logistics management energy that will support your entrance into emerging markets. This is also a key capability for enabling an adaptive global supply chain footprint and competitive advantage.To advertise support this goal, it is important to consolidate and align your supply chain management infrastructure, processes and procedures to reduce costs and improve efficiency. Leading logistics providers now have the resources and expertise to help you design your network and make location decisions that perfect the tradeoffs in cost, service level and risk but you should be aware that such companies may also be driven by their own business goals. When youreceive advice about which emerging markets to target, ask yourself whether this advice is adjust to your business goals, or whether it reflects the logistics suppliers own growth strategy.It is very important to look for an objective log istics partner who can establish clear business execution of instrument metrics and accountability for the entire ship-to deliver cycle. This includes activity from the shipping dock in the source country through each leg and mode of shipment. Such information should be a key part of the boilers suit supply chain performance management dashboard your logistics service provider should be able to supply you with a range of data and performance metrics such as on-time delivery, damage rates, error rates, cost/ sales percentages and related financial metrics that drive continuous improvement efforts.IBM Case Study overcoming emerging market implementation hurdling Strong global partnerships with leading logistics suppliers are a highly valued asset when it comes to entering emerging markets. IBM offers a case in point. Several years prior to the sale of their personal computing breakdown to Lenovo, IBM shifted PC fulfillment operations to low-cost jurisdictions and emerging market locations. IBM had been conducting business in China for many years, which provided a leverage point for establishing the necessary legal entity and business model to support a manufacturing operation that could act as a global fulfilment center for a limited line of products. backing up shop in one of Chinas free-trade zones offered proximity to key suppliers and abundant approachability of low-cost labor during a time of intense, industry wide cost pressures. But from a logistics management perspective, the implications seemed daunting.IBM needed to design and implement the capability to ship from a factory in Shenzhen to customer locations in the United States, Europe and the rest of Asia. This effort required robust process design with multiple logistics suppliers, not to mention the trade-management-related complexities associated with exporting from a free-trade zone to numerous other countries most of which had their own unique entry and customs-related procedures. In the high-tech industry, the supply chain must be responsive and fast. In logistics, this means pre-clearing shipments through customs while flights are in-transit. The most minor of data inaccuracies on the commercial invoice or shippingmanifest during the entry process can delay shipments for hours. While an import delay of hardly a few hours may not seem drastic, the result can be a missed cutoff time with the in-country ground service delivery provider.This means an entire day can be added to the shipment cycle time. IBM found that design and implementation challenges resided at the most basic levels. The infrastructure and necessary processes just for getting the trucks from the manufacturing site to the Hong Kong airport caused delays. The frequency and timing of the flight schedules became the hard constraint that all other cutoff times were forced to meet. Getting the necessary level of lift capacity during the high-volume, end-of-quarter seasonal worker peaks required frequen t communication and forecast updates with freight forwarders. Continuous design improvements were needed to reach the necessary process and system integration needed between the freight forwarder, broker and customs agents in the designated country.For low-down shipments, IBM took advantage of integrated services provided by UPS and FedEx, both of which have ground and air assets for multi-leg shipment continuity. More problematic were larger shipments requiring multiple third party logistics organizations in a series of freight and information handoffs. IBM believes that a core logistics objective should always be to design and implement an integrated end-to-end solution that includes a process and technology design spanning all involved parties, from the shipping site to the final exam customer delivery location. Other emerging-market implementation hurdles faced by IBMChina is not the only major emerging market with strategic significance to the IBM supply chain and global busin ess model. For many years, IBM has exchange and distributed products in East European countries. over the past two years, IBM has expanded operations in countries such as Hungary and the Czech Republic. IBMs most recent effort included going live with convention and fulfilment operations with an OEM partner in Hungary. Prior to making a decision about the final location, IBM conducted a network optimization study. Its purpose to understand the tradeoffs between fulfillment costs, logistics costs, inbound transit times from supplier locations, and outbound transit times to customers throughout Europe. The longer transit times and greater variability were key to understanding if entering the Hungarian marketplace to seize the benefit of lower fulfillment costs was an optimalsupply chain decision.The distance from the manufacturing site to the primary airport in Budapest is a three-hour commute on a two-lane highway. For time-sensitive orders, this long transit time effectively push es back the cutoff time for shipping to around noon, a loss of nearly a half day. Once the decision was made to operate and ship immaculate products from Hungary, several supply chain and logistics design points became important to the overall cost reducing strategy. Here are some key elements that helped enable logistics management for IBM in an east European emerging market location Extended vendor managed inventory (VMI) programs and pricing agreements with OEM partners to ensure purchase-order flow continuity and see Extended IBMs logistics contract agreements to components suppliers on inbound lanes in order to mitigate rising logistics costs and transit time variability Formed strong partnership with logistics service provider to allow for vendor on premises activity service supplier resources and systems that manage the flow of finished goods off the back dock Utilized the network of experienced logistics management professionals in the European region to ensure operat ional communications and continuity within the same time zones Took advantage of IBM business presence in-country and local resources to ease the language, culture, and knowledge barrier during transition and initial set up. The above examples reflect IBMs ability to efficiently enter and enable logistics operations as a strategic component of our global business operating model.Figure 2 IBM logistics cost savings 19952004The cost savings illustrated in Figure 2 were realized during a time when IBM was entering emerging market locations to enable an integrated global footprint. The largest portions of savings were in procurement by utilizing fewer core service providers, and the physical network design efficiencies of operating in key emerging market locales. Realizing competitive advantage from logistics transformation You can go on rising costs and complexities from eroding the benefits of your global sourcing strategy. The advantages of a strategic approach to logistics are br oad and can result in a significant increase in donationholder value. In fact, managing logisticscosts, service-level lead times and overall supply chain security is critical to your marketplace competitiveness.Figure 3 IBM Global Logistics run ModelThe IBM model for managing global logistics highlights its capabilities as a Global Trade Orchestrator. IBM is able to scale this capability for both internal divisions and external customers. The key to managing global logistics is to enable your companys supply chain with the capability to efficiently unplug from one location or operating scenario, and enter a new or emerging market location. This capability will be both a strategic requirement and a competitive advantage, as long as worldwide business, economic and socio-political variables remain dynamic. Enabling this strategic capability requires cross-function process design, technology integration, and subject matter expertise ranging from network optimization, logistics contra ct and operations management to global trade and compliance management. This level of orchestration and collaboration is very scalable when merged seamlessly with a global governance model and strategically oriented leadership.Cycle time muscular contractionLogistics managers have long recognized the importance of order cycle time, and this concept has entered into the planning and operation of inventory control and distribution systems for decades. More recently, logistics executives have come to recognize the strategic significance of planning, and indeed reducing, the cycle times in their systems. Throughout many different industries, and taught by the examples of successful Japanese competitors, firms are working to reduce the total time required to bring products to marketplace. As George Stalk and Thomas Hout explan in their best-selling book competing against time, today, time is on the cutting edge of competitive advantage. The ways leading companies manage time- in product ion, in sales and distribution, in new product development and introduction- are the most powerful new sources of competitive advantage.A cycle time compaction logistics strategy can be applied to distribution and production, and firms have also shown how the strategy can be employed in product development and roll out. In one frame of reference, cycle time canbe thought of as the time which elapses between the point at which a customer places an order and the point at which the property is genuine. Traditionally, logistics managers have attempted to control or reduce this order cycle time by increasing in stock availability rates, pre-positioning field inventories close to customers, or using premium flight services to speed delivery. While effective, these tactics are not without cost. From another point of view, customer order cycle times are apparently important, but they do not measure the true response time of the firm since the finished goods inventory performs the funct ion of uncoupling the demand process from the production process.From this point of view, the cycle time is the length of time material remains in the firm as it flows from raw material, to production, to finished goods, and on to delivery to the customer. Attacking this cycle time has several benefits. First, it makes the firm more responsive that is, the firm may be able to produce and distribute a product to a given customer more quickly. Second, cycle time reduction will reduce the time that material is held as inventory, and hence will increase inventory turnover rate and return on assets. Firms have employed many different tactics to achieve cycle time compression in their logistics processes, but most successful applications share these greens characteristics(1) The responsiveness of the total system is increased. The firm can more quickly respond to changing customer requirements because the logistics system has become more flexible and adaptive, and more easily able to re act to changes in plans.(2) Inventory levels are reduced at all points in the system as on-hand stocks come to reflect more closely true customer requirements.(3) Risk and the associated costs of risk are reduced. As the cycle time falls, the demand forecasting horizon can be reduced, which reduced the risk of stock out, lost sales, obsolescence, redistribution, expediting, and all the other problems associated with forecast error.(4) The information content of the system increases. The system comes to relyon fast and accurate transmission of information as a substitute for the inventory previously used to operate the system.To reduce cycle time companies need to look at the four major discrete cash cycles within their firms. Sales Cycle pitch Cycle Billing/Collection Cycle Make/Buy Inventory Cycle The sales cycle is the first one to tackle. How long does it take from first contact with a customer to get a signed purchase order? Typically youre incurring, and paying for, sales expenses during that process. If your normal sales cycle is three months, is there any way to collapse it to two months? One of the best ways to manage that question is by bringing together people within the organization who both work in the sales arena and interface with it. It can also be helpful to have someone from the outside who is not all that familiar with the process in the review. Benefits of cycle time reduction are common in all four areas. The result will be reduced cycle times that translate into a more effective organization and additional money in the bank.Cross-docking The need for speedIn todays high velocity supply chain world, companies are increasingly focusing on distribution methods that will drive efficiency and increase customer satisfaction. Gone are the days where customer service was clearly a buzz word. With the focus on customer service, companies have moved away for a supply driven business towards a demand driven business. Companies are also consta ntly searching for ways to reduce inventory and holding cost. The increase in speed has forced companies to search for ways to reduce product cycle time and move product quickly and cost effectively. Over the years, companies have seen a dramatic increase in the number of stock keeping units (SKU).The increase in the number of SKUs has added complexity to the business and also has increased the cost and time needed to manage the business. section heads face additional pressure as they are required to stock shelves with the right products and ensure that customer demand is met all times. In todays high speed world, shipping windows are changing rapidly, as retail clients demand increased speed to meet store requirements. To achieve these goals, cross-docking has been pushed to the frontline of the distribution strategy.What is cross-docking?Cross-docking is a system that relies on speed and agility and is normally used in hub-and-spoke operations. Cross-docking, in short, is the shi pment and receiving of goods by bypassing the storage facility. In the process of cutting out the need for a storage facility, inventory can move quickly from one end of the supply chain to the other. Cross-docking is a fairly simplistic way of handling inventory that involves loading and unloading inventory from an incoming truck onto an outboard truck. During cross-docking storage time varies. However, most experts would agree that anything less than two days can be considered as cross-docking. In some cases staging also takes place.For all of its simplicity, cross-docking requires detailed planning and collaboration with partners. Companies require advance knowledge of product shipment and final destination of goods. Setting up the required infrastructure and systems can take time and capital. Logistic managers are increasingly making use of technology such as storage warehouse Management Systems (WMS) and automated processes. It is important to note that technology is not the k ey to success. However, the right system can smooth out problems and increase visibility in the chain. Companies now have the ability to send products on a Friday night, receive them on Saturday, and sell the products later in the day.How is it used?Cross-docking is used in a variety of strategies that include consolidating loads of less-that-truck load (LTL) carriers, consolidate loads from multiple suppliers and/or plants, deconsolidating orders, and preparing for shipping. Cross-docking can be divided into different complexity levels including one-touch, two-touch and multiple-touch. One-touch is considered the highest productivity as products are not loaded on the dock, but is loaded directly on the truck. During two-touch the focus is on load optimization and driving efficiencies. Inventory is received and re-create on the dock, without making use of a storage facility. During multiple-touch, products are received and staged for reconfiguration and customization. An increasing number of companies are starting to use cross-docking in their operations.In a 2008 cross-docking trends report in the US, 52 percent of respondents stated that use cross-docking with a further 13 percent planning to start cross-docking in the next 24 months. A number of companies areoutsourcing cross-docking. By doing so, they avoid the challenges of setting up and ravel a cross-docking operation. Many companies start small and pilot projects are common as they explore the configuration that best fits their needs. For cross-docking to succeed it needs to be a coordinated effort that relies on close partnership and collaboration.What are the advantages?One of the key advantages of cross-docking is that companies are reducing their need for warehousing space, which reduces inventory holding cost. Cross-docking facilities are much cheaper to set up and run than warehouses and companies can save on the capital investment in warehouses. In some cases, companies can reduce warehouse fl oor space and sell off or lease out underutilized facilities. Companies like Toyota have designed and built their own cross-docking facilities. Normally these facilities are strategically located to reduce distance and maximize support. Some of the biggest advantages for companies are transport related. Companies can achieve significant cost savings, by consolidating loads of LTL carriers. Pallets that are heading for the same destination are consolidated and staged by order sequence. By doing this, companies can reduce the distribution cost of the total supply chain and pass the savings on to the consumer.By making use of cross-docking, companies can furthermore reduce the impact of rising energy cost. Companies like Toyota have used this strategy to great effect. With the increased reliance on Just-in-Time (JIT), parts are being shipped at higher frequency and lower quantity. By making use of cross-docking, Toyota has reduced distribution cost by consolidating smaller part supplie s into consolidated loads. Cross-docking has allowed companies to increase JIT and remove ruiner or muda in the organization. The increased speed in the supply chain helps companies to reduce product cycle time and move product quickly and efficiently down or up the chain. In Toyotas case, this has allowed them to increase delivery frequency and in some cases even double delivery cycles. Cross-docking also have some major benefits where inventory is limited. As inventory is not kept in storage, companies require less stock.The reduction in inventory will reduce holding cost and at the same time satisfy demand. One of the major benefits of cross-docking is also the reduction of labour cost. With the downturn in theeconomy, companies will increasingly look at cross-docking as a possibility. Cross-docking can reduce staff numbers and their associated labour cost and also gives the organization greater flexibility during an economic downturn. Many companies, however, do not start cross -docking originally for cost reasons. They start to improve customer service. Todays customers require greater speed and are also more demanding. Companies should establish clear goals and be willing to test different options. For companies that want to contour operations and increase the supply chain velocity, cross-docking may be the right solution.Implementation Issues and ConclusionsMany firms have embraced and employed supply chain management and cycle time compression strategies in their logistics operations with dramatically positive results. However, not all such attempts have been successful, nor has every implementation proved straightforward or simple. In this section, I will list observations and conclusions drawn from scores of firms which have implemented these logistics strategies (1) Supply chain management and cycle time compression are complementary strategies.The logistics manager is not forced to carry between these two strategies in and either/or basis. In fa ct, the two strategies are often reciprocally supportive and self-reinforcing. The strategies so frequently are seen together that it can be difficult or exacting to distinguish between them. In practice, the distinction between the two strategies is often blurred. A principal reason to develop supply chain management is often to capture and amplify the benefits of cycle time compression by applying the strategy at all levels in the chain.(2) Each strategy has common barriers to successful implementation.There are many pitfalls involved in employing these strategies, but the most significant problems are generally of two types High complexity. The new systems are usually much more complicated than the systems and procedures which they replace. Supply chain management, as embodied for example in a quick response system, requires co-ordination of SKU-level item flows across firm boundaries in near real time with great precision and reliability. Lowinventory levels place the entire op eration at risk to errors at any level in the system. New data systems and communications systems are needed to drive the logistics flow, and these systems are needed to drive the logistics flow, and these systems must perform flawlessly. In a successful cross docking operation, vehicle schedule and despatching is crucially important as well, and completely reliable carriers must be found. High combine.Supply chain management and cycle time compression must be based on high levels of trust within the various parts of a given firm, such as between production and distribution and between sales and distribution. In addition, very high levels of trust must be established and maintained between buyers and sellers in the supply chain, as well as between shippers and carriers and warehouses. Supply chain members must share and safeguard highly sensitive data, and all parties must be given candid estimates of production schedules, shipping status, and delivery dates. Inability or unwilling ness to share these data will generally frustrate meaningful attempts to establish the close co-ordination implied by these strategies.(3) Information technology is the key enabling technology. Another common thread in the successful implementation history of these strategies in American firms is the reliance on fast and accurate information technology. Most such logistics systems use barcode scan or some other form of automatic identification to provide input of SKU-level transaction data onn sales, inventory and shipments. Data are normally telecommunicated between various operating locations, usually by EDI. In addition, some form of high-level logistics system software is needed to guide the operation of the strategy.(4) Inventory reduction as a benefit. Most successful case histories of supply chain management or cycle time reduction will include inventory reduction, but inventory reduction will not be the whole story. Generally, inventory reduction will be one item on the list of benefits and cost savings which were sought or obtained. In many cases savings due to inventory reduction will be substantial, while in other cases inventory reduction may be a relatively minor consideration.(5) Successful logistics strategies must be integrated with production, marketing, and total corporate strategy. Supply chain management and cycle time compression are strategies which are often highly compatible with the overall strategy being pursued by the firm. Compression of the logistics component of the firms total cycle time is an integral component of the firms overall strategy of time-based competition. Logistics cycle time compression and supply chain co-ordination are also highly supportive of the general strategy of flexible manufacturing towards which many firms are moving.Many other firms are moving towards a marketing strategy which looks beyond mere customer satisfaction in an attempt to move past the competition by delighting the customer. In this context, compression of logistics cycle time increases the responsiveness of the logistics system to the customers desires. Incorporating the customer into the formal supply chain system should improve the level of support provided to the customer as well as increase the customers ability to convey its needs and wants to the firm and have them acted on. In this way supply chain approach will work to reinforce the marketing strategy.Supply chain management and cycle time compression are complementary logistics strategy which progressive firms are employing in many different ways and in many different settings. These strategies are not simply or easily developed, but the results achieved through their use are often dramatic. Any firm which is truly serious about competing in the marketplace should very carefully consider the implications of these strategies for its operations.