The Consumer And The Gimmick :: essays research papers

The Consumer and the GimmickToday there atomic number 18 many factors that hurt the music industry. virtuoso factorinvolves the way we push musicians into allowing the industry to popularize unmatchablegood song thus forgetting the rest of the album. We the consumers have somehowbeen satisfied with just one good song from one mediocre band. Perhaps there isa simple formula for disaster. First the song is vie on the radio and becausethe video is constantly on MTV, thus causing us to get tired of the music. Itsas easy as thatWe sit and whine about non perceive enough from our favorite band, simplyonce they come out with new music we smother ourselves in it. We then get sickof it and are left looking for something new to fulfill our cravings. This iswhen we, the monster consumers of music, decide to take our interest to the nexthit song. Its not all our fault. You have to put at least some blame on thebands themselves. They feel that it is part of their job to indulge our wants. We as lovers of what these songwriters do are appalled and disgusted by hearinganything but the best from our favorite bands. Once we have what we want itsnot long before we want more. This is because we consume the musicians talentslike a fast nutriment happy meal. We open the box, take out the toy, throw away thecontents, and then bitch about being hungry. When we do this we always say,"Its a cool song, but they are a one hit wonder." We the hungry consumer donot give the bands a chance to show their true musical talents. One slipinvolves the group Verve Pipe and their hit song "The Freshman." This songs LPwas out in December. No one noticed it until halfway through the month ofMarch. "The Freshman" was played eery thirty minutes on the radio and fifteentimes a day on MTV. This in my opinion results in the complete overact of onebands hit song. Now we consider them a "One hit wonder." The Verve Pipe hasmore good music, but who is to say that any one will ever hear it?Another thing that hurts the industry is the reliance on gimmicks.Finding talent in a band that relies on gimmicks is as easy as lifting athree-hundred pound man above you head. Sure for some it is easy, but forothers its damn near impossible. A few bands that rely on gimmicks are MarilynManson and basically any rapper you can think of off the top of your head.

Hrothgar spake, helmet-of-Scyldings :: Poetry Poems Essays

Hrothgar spake, helmet-of-Scyldings Ask not of pleasure Pain is renewedto Danish folk. Dead is Aeschere,of Yrmenlaf the elderly brother,my sage adviser and stay in council,shoulder-comrade in stress of fightwhen warriors clashed and we warded our heads,hewed the helm-boars hero famedshould be every earl as Aeschere wasBut here in Heorot a hand hath slain himof wandering death-sprite. I wot not whither,1proud of the prey, her path she took,fain of her fill. The feud she avengedthat yesternight, unyieldingly,Grendel in grimmest grasp one thousand killedst, -- see how long these liegemen minehe ruined and ravaged. Reft of life,in arms he fell. Now another comes,keen and cruel, her kin to avenge, furthering far in feud of declensionso that many a thane shall think, who eersorrows in soul for that sharer of rings,this is hardest of heart-bales. The hand lies lowthat once was willing each wish to please.Land-dwellers here2 and liegemen mine,who house by those parts, I have heard relatet hat such a pair they have sometimes seen,march-stalkers mighty the moorland haunting,wandering spirits one of them seemed,so far as my folk could fairly judge,of womankind and one, accursed,in mans guise trod the misery-trackof exile, though huger than human bulk.Grendel in days long gone they named him,folk of the land his let they knew not,nor any brood that was born to himof treacherous spirits. Untrod is their homeby wolf-cliffs haunt they and windy headlands,fenways fearful, where flows the streamfrom mountains gliding to gloom of the rocks,underground flood. Not far is it hencein measure of miles that the mere expands,and oer it the frost-bound forest hanging,sturdily rooted, shadows the wave.By night is a wonder weird to see,fire on the waters. So wise lived noneof the sons of men, to search those depthsNay, though the heath-rover, harried by dogs,the horn-proud hart, this holt should seek,long distance driven, his dear life firston the brink he yields ere he brave the plung eto hide his head tis no happy placeThence the welter of waters washes upwan to welkin when winds rout outevil storms, and air grows dusk,and the heavens weep. Now is help once morewith thee alone The land thou knowst not,place of fear, where thou findest outthat sin-flecked being. Seek if thou dareI will reward thee, for waging this fight,with ancient treasure, as erst I did,with winding gold, if thou winnest back.1 He surmises presently where she is. 2 The connection is notdifficult. The rowing of mourning, of acute grief, are said andaccording to Germanic sequence of thought, inexorable here, the

The Fear of Fat Criterion Within the DSM IV Essay example -- anorexia n

As our society is bombarded with the images of manufactured beauty and thinness, conversations increasingly center on dieting and personify dissatisfaction. The media advertises weight loss products in the form of pills, drinks, surgery, fitness equipment and support groups to mold individuals into the proposed ideal form. This evidence alone suggests a strong case for the possibility of a pathological fear of fat. Is this fear, however, the driving force behind all cases of anorexia nervosa and bulimia? According to the DSM IV, the fear of gaining weight is essential for these diagnoses to be make. Strong arguments have been made both in favor and against modifying the existing criteria to allow for the diagnosis and treatment of individuals, regardless of whether or not a fat phobia is present. Is it culturally deadened to retain this particular criterion, a fear of gaining weight, if a patient has not been exposed to the same cultural pressures and orientation towards being thin? Although western finishing is thought to be the dominant culture, because of power and economics, non-western cultures make up eighty percent of the worlds population (Lee, 1995). Many of these sub-dominant cultures are present in the melting pot of the modern United States. Are these non-Westernized individuals being denied the necessary treatments and interventions merely because a fear of gaining weight is not expressed? Such a strong focus on body dissatisfaction may cause one to overlook or disregard the pressures of societal systems, such as immigration or poverty, on the mental and physical well being of an individual. If fat phobia is indeed a culturally constructed definition of anorexia nervosa, it la... ...ternational Journal of Eating Disorders, 17, 175-183. King, M.B., & Bhugra, D. (1989). Eating disorders Lessons from a cross-cultural study. Psychological Medicine, 19, 955-958. Lake, A.J. Staiger, P.K., & Glowinski, H. (2000). E ffect of Western Culture on Womens Attitudes to Eating and Perceptions of Body Shape. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 27, 83-89. Lee, S. (1993). How abnormal is the desire for thinness? A survey of eating attitudes and behaviour among Chinese undergraduates in Hong Kong. Psychological Medicine, 23, 437-451. Lee, S. (1995). Self-starvation in context Towards a culturally sensitive understanding of anorexia nervosa. Social light and Medicine, 41, 25-36. Thompson, J.K. & Altabe, M.N (1991). Psychometric qualities of the figure rating scale. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 10, 615-619.

Are Mental Images Real? :: Reality Philosophy Philosophical Essays

Are Mental Images Real?This essay was my first jabbing at defining and discussing realism for my freshman seminar, What is Reality?. Using a questionable topic of reality (in this case -- are mental images real?), we were to attempt a working definition and method for determing that which is real. Pretty lousy, Im not gonna lie, but an interesting assignment. In the middle of the night, a boy awakes from the most horrifying chase setting hes ever witnessed, terrified in a cold sweat. His heart is pounding, hes lost his breath. And yet he wakes to the comfortable knowledge that it was all just a dream. The mind is a strange entity, in that it is essentially our guide to that which we experience - it perceives, processes, interprets, analyzes, and utterly convinces. We respond physiologically to our minds wills, be it with delegate heart rates, elation, or a deep-rooted sense of confusion in the inability to distinguish between what our mind says and what we know to be true. Herei n we depict the quandary of existence as human beings in society are the images and experiences of our mind truly real? To a schizophrenic, a hallucination in which he is attacked by a big black dog is as real to him as a true assault by a New York mugger. Where, then, is the furrow drawn between a pure mental image and reality, and what does this say about the reputation of reality? Enlightened philosopher Rene Descartes said, I think, therefore I am, claiming the reality and validity of his existence based on the inner workings of his mind. The mental images and experiences he had were, to him, the fundamental proof that, as an entity, he was truly functional and definite. notwithstanding how many of us have, at one point or another, asked ourselves, Is this really happening? and, despite the knowledge that we must be conscious to be speculative thusly, still couldnt verify or discredit the reality of the situation? To quote a classmate in a discussion about the nature of ex istence, All that individual existentialism stuff sounds pretty funky, but youve got to believe in it for it to work. Indeed, the idea that reality is created or destroyed by ones take willingness to exist is a terrifying and thought-provoking concept, riddled with metaphysical questions of procedure and mechanics of life. Do peoples minds allow them to know of their own horrifying and grotesque deaths, or is there perhaps an I-am-dying-peacefully-in-my-sleep hormone released when the body becomes aware of its infinite peril?

Civic Virtue: The Right Thing for Our Society Essay -- society

IntroductionPerhaps, the American society is the approximately divergent, the most accommodating and the most culturally diverse among all societies across the globe. Interestingly, most Americans reflect similar elements of behavior in many respects which are distinct to our American society. in that respect are a number conscious and unconscious core values which are expected to guide every American character. Most of the American acculturation has to some extent embedded western civilization A civilization that accommodates different cultures, merges multiple ideas, and values the freedom of choice. Still, a number of take exceptions in the billing of promoting our general wellbeing have been arising thus, leading to questions on the cathexis that our society should direct for our common wellbeing. Here, I will be discussing approaches that can be designed in addressing the issues of wealth diffusion, and the relationship between politics and community beliefs so as to have an even happier society.Inequality, Cohesiveness and Civic VirtueOne among the challenges that lawsuit our society today is the widening rift between the rich and the poor. Although our politics has evaded the reality of a widening society, several philosophers have given their opinions on the challenge of wealth distribution. Our politics has become so distant from the challenge of widening social gaps that president Obamas proposal to review tax laws in the direction of burdening the wealthy with more than taxes has received heavy criticism from the republican political quarter. Apart from philosophical ideologies on the topic of wealth distribution, there is a more important challenge which requires the attention of our political leaders Civic Virtue.Getting a picture of ... ...place in our schools and other institutions. Instead of focusing on the instruct of various religious and moral beliefs, students should be allowed to openly present their opinions on various religio us matters. Such a direction must be make under an environment that respects the right of people to choose various religious and moral beliefs which are available in our society.ConclusionAs I have discussed, I agree with Sandels opinions on the two issues (the distribution of wealth, and an open engagement between religion and politics) that I have discussed above. Wealth distribution is especially useful in guarding our democracy, promoting, cohesiveness, and improving the welfare of the poor. On the other hand, an engagement between politics and religion will be useful in promoting unity, tolerance and knowledge within our society.

Civic Virtue: The Right Thing for Our Society Essay -- society

IntroductionPerhaps, the American federation is the most divergent, the most accommodating and the most culturally diverse among all societies across the globe. Interestingly, most Americans reflect standardised elements of behavior in many respects which are distinct to our American society. There are a number conscious and unconscious core set which are expected to guide every American character. Most of the American culture has to some extent embedded western elegance A civilization that accommodates different cultures, merges multiple ideas, and values the freedom of choice. Still, a number of challenges in the direction of promoting our general wellbeing have been arising thus, leading to questions on the direction that our society should direct for our common wellbeing. Here, I will be discussing approaches that can be designed in addressing the issues of wealth diffusion, and the relationship between administration and community beliefs so as to have an even happier soci ety.Inequality, Cohesiveness and Civic VirtueOne among the challenges that face our society today is the widening rift between the rich and the poor. Although our politics has evaded the reality of a widening society, several philosophers have given their opinions on the challenge of wealth distribution. Our politics has become so distant from the challenge of widening social gaps that president Obamas proposal to review tax laws in the direction of burdening the wealthy with more taxes has received heavy criticism from the republican political quarter. Apart from philosophical ideologies on the topic of wealth distribution, there is a more important challenge which requires the attention of our political leaders Civic Virtue. get a picture of ... ...place in our schools and opposite institutions. Instead of focusing on the teaching of unlike religious and moral beliefs, students should be allowed to openly present their opinions on various religious matters. Such a direction mu st be done under an environment that respects the right of people to choose various religious and moral beliefs which are available in our society.ConclusionAs I have discussed, I agree with Sandels opinions on the two issues (the distribution of wealth, and an open engagement between religion and politics) that I have discussed above. Wealth distribution is especially useful in guarding our democracy, promoting, cohesiveness, and improving the welfare of the poor. On the other hand, an engagement between politics and religion will be useful in promoting unity, tolerance and knowledge within our society.

Advantage of Music Essay

Advantages of music Affecting the brain waves According to studies it has been proven that your brainwaves can incur steamy with strong beats. The stimulation takes place to resonate in sync with the beat. Sharpbeats ensure sharp concentration and it can help you attain a meditative and calm state. Music and your warmheartedness rate Due to alternations taking place in brainwaves, other bodily functions also get affected.Functions like heart rate and breathing that are controlled by the autonomic nervous system can be altered with music. Mozart effect The skills you learn through music get transferred to your communication skills, study skills and cognitive skills. According to a Harvard University study, the spatial-temporal reasoning gets enhanced when children start learning music. Such reasoning tends to improve in a short-lived manner when an adult listens to a particular type of music.This study was named as the Mozart effect and it suggested that spatial reasoning and musi c have a neurological and mental connection. Other Advantages Music therapyis an interpersonal process in which the therapist uses music and all of its facetsphysical, emotional, mental, social, aesthetic, and spiritualto help thickenings to improve or maintain their health. In nearly instances, the clients needs are addressed directly through music in others they are addressed through the relationships that develop between the client and therapist.Music therapy is apply with individuals of all ages and with a variety of conditions, including psychiatric disorders, medical problems, physical handicaps, sensory impairments, developmental disabilities, substance abuse, communication disorders, interpersonal problems, and aging. It is also used to improve learning, build self-esteem, reduce stress,support physical exercise, and facilitate a host of other health-related activities. Music Genera Amusic genreis a vapid and typological construct that identifiesmusicalsounds as belongi ng to a particular category and type of music that can be distinguished from other types of music

American Declaration of Independence a product of the European Enlightenment

The United States Declaration of independency adopted in 1776 by the intercourse was a product of the European enlightenment as it drew its philosophical basis from European era of reason. This declaration focusing on individual rights and as well as the right to revolt, borrows deeply the Europe philosophers recommendations having studied in details institutions of authorities and incorporation of scientific knowledge to aid mankind. England being unity of the most enlightened country by then, was the colonizer of the the Statesn thereby influencing the governmental leaders focus in America at that cartridge holder (Jefferson et al, 21-23).Therefore, American revolution protest against the England authority provided the blue print in the reorganization for democratic society that was later to be emulated by m both in the world. Donald et al (51-52) argues that, the foundations of the enlightenment were laid back in 17th and 16 th centuries as European expanded its territories t o Asia, Africa, America colonization as well as the advancement of the scientific revolution.Benjamin Franklin and Thomas Jefferson blueprinted the main anchors in the establishment of the the Great revolution in America and establishment of the declaration by write the initial draft and leading the later amendments. Declaration preparation Liam (331) points out that, as Jefferson prepared the declaration strongly envied great personalities in Europe that gave him the inspiration. Francis Bacon who was referred by Jefferson as the modern science father or English enlightenment godfather, advocated for applied sciences at the expense of basic science and technology.Jefferson was even more elysian by Bacons stand on the consume to advance knowledge for the sake of the deal. He believed that greater things were possible with conventional knowledge by dint of and through the basic farming of ethics, science and politics. According to Annenberg Foundation Trust (91), Sir Isaac New ton theories of mechanics and the consequent discovery of the gravity laws through the mathematics principles molded Jeffersons believe in theology and its resultant harmony.As adopted in the American Declaration, Christianity and scientific deism strongly held that in total, that nature was as a result of supreme divine influence but subjected to the universal laws with the divine power being fully absent (Jefferson et al, 23). John Locke who lived from 1632-1704 influenced the larger Europe and later the establishment of the American Declaration of Independence with might. Jefferson was a strong advocate for the Lockes ideas that emphasized for reasoning in all the decisions made when governing people.Jefferson also adopted in the declaration, the idea of nature and limits during governance in order to realize various objectives (Gearon, 52-53). As strongly advocated for in the declaration, Jefferson from Locke, enshrined the concept of innate knowledge and morality. As it comes out in the declaration, individuals beliefs and morality must be respected since they are unique and at all times, the governing institutions must protect them. In addition, the declaration calls for justice which Locke emphasized must be used to reduce the societal injustices.In his letter of Human understanding he insisted on knowledge and establishment of facts for scientific and Human understanding. Basement of human rights At the onset of eighteenth century, French and Britain thinkers laid the ground work for for observing and adopting human rights in the society. They believed that human rights must be entrenched deeply in the political governance structures of any society. Europe having undergone the great war in the mid 17th century which was sparked by religion, political and economic strife had understand importance and significance of democracy towards development.King Georges letter of May 1775 requesting him to address the grievances of the people went unanswered res ulting to the assumption of responsibilities by the congress to govern the US. Governance and English colonies. America having been discovered back in 1942, the inhabitants understood that they needed the freedom just like the European countries were enjoying. As indicated earlier, Thomas Jefferson as he wrote the declaration, established the need to have free people in order to achieve development in the country. It insisted on the need for technological advancement for the full human potentials to be appreciated (Jefferson et al, 23).Under the oppression therefore it was impossible to trend the same path as the people like Isaac Newton and Locke had moved through. Government support for the people which Britain was advocating, totally lacked provoking revolts in order to achieve the expected results. Like in Europe the declaration insisted that, governments are instituted by men who directly deduct their power with the consent of the governed. Therefore, whenever the administrati on by the people turns out to be destructive, the governed has the right to disband it at will.Jefferson insisted that it is better ignorance than error and insisted that truth must form the basis of their liberation. England as it held the 13 united states did not fully allow them to access freedom of governance and even after the declaration it sought the answer of Germans to fight back. As independent as England country was, the declaration sought to ensure happiness to the people of America (Gearon, 52-53). The king of Britain being ruthless, ruled through usurpations and injuries, inflicted tyranny over all the states that drew the anger from the people prompting their quest for freedom.As the European philosophers had discovered, there was need to go an extra mile in order for their freedom to be achieved. Major discoveries were not established without struggle as Isaac Newton indicates in his scientific discoveries. Religion spread. Europe acted as the conduit through which religion was transferred to majority of other countries and states in the world. Britain hosting Independent and Presbyterian church established the nobility of the divine power which formed the basis of drafting the declaration.Strong revolutionaries and philosophers underscored the essence immortal that was evident in the later application of the statues contained in the declaration by the leaders. Freedom for all the people without discrimination either of their color or washing indicated the quest for human sovereignty at all times (Liam, 331). To increase the harmony and improved cohesion, Jefferson strongly believed that there always was supreme powers that even though not actively or directly involved stood to reward the good deeds at all times.Differentiation was specially derived and the great divide experienced during the prior years in Britain and Germany was avoided. It was used to bring sanity and harmony among the people who had been long oppressed therefore ensurin g a smooth transition. Later during the Americans liberation, religion and immortal was anchored in the peoples attitudes as they ensured that their quests did not result to blood shed at any moment. Martin Luther king junior called for peaceful demonstration where they could articulate their ideas without causing any harm or suffering to the people (Jefferson et al, 23).Modernization in America Due to great oppression by the colonial masters in all the states, modernisation was impossible with all the economical and political structures being controlled by the King of Britain. Strong institutions of governance in the whole of Europe especially in England, Germany and France were envied by those who drafted the declaration having schooled in the European countries (Annenberg Foundation Trust, 89). Great inspiration was derived from the strong industrial revolution and economic sustenance in their countries.Due to these muscles in their own countries the political might which made E ngland manage to fight from far and assume such powers, was exceedingly envied (Paul, 279-280). Conclusion. Declaration of American independence is a clear indication of the European enlightenment influence into the American development of their governing institutions. From the writers of the declaration, to the whole USA, the early philosophers and scientific discoverers propelled the quest for freedom in America (Paul, 110).Besides, the declaration was written during the time when oppression from the Britain King had reached its peak and slave trade effects were most rampant. Setting of the European countries that helped them establish strong structures in their governance anchorage was highly emulated making America to later win the fight with Britain. Finally, religion as spread by the colonialists formed the basis for determination that the task they embarking on was shocking thereby assisting them to remain together in the quest fro freedom. References Annenberg Foundation T rust. Understanding Democracy A Hip Pocket Guide.Washington Oxford University Press, 2006. Donald, K. , Steven, O. , & Frank, M. The western heritage. 3rd ed. New jersey Prentice Hall, 2002. Gearon, L. Freedom of Expression and Human Rights Historical, Literary and Political Contexts. Washington Academic press. 2006. Jefferson, Thomas. , Garnet, K. , & Michael, H. The Declaration of Independence. Washington Verso, 2007. Liam Gearon. Human Rights & Religion A Reader guide. capital of the United Kingdom Sussex Academic Press, 2002. Paul, A. (2001). The First American Constitutions Republican Ideology and the Making of the State Constitutions in the Revolutionary Era. London Rowman & Littlefield.

Literary Theory and Criticism: Investigating Literature and Literary Study

Literary theory, literary lit crit Methods of studying literature are defined and described. A portion on definitions and distinctions investigates literature and literary study literary theory and literary criticism. First of all it is necessary for us to know the definition of literary theory, and literary criticism. Nevertheless, the distinctions between literary theory, criticism, and recital are the most important Literary theory is the study of the principles of literature, its categories, criteria, and the like. The theory of literature investigates the general laws of the structure and development of literature.The history of literature studies the literary past as a process or one of the stages of this process. On the other side, literary criticism is the study, evaluation, and interpretation of literature. Modern literary criticism is often informed by literary theory, which is the philosophical discussion of its methods and goals. It is also concerned with the most rece nt, the present state of literature. Literary criticism is eternally interested in evaluating a literary work. But even though, these two are closely related, literary critics havent always been theorists.Some critics consider literary criticism a practical application of literary theory, because criticism always deals directly with particular literary works, while theory may be more general or abstract. Even though literary theory and literary criticism may be defined distinctly, they are not completely separated. It seems top hat to draw attention to these distinctions by describing as literary theory the study of the principles of literature, its categories, criteria, and the like, and by differentiating studies of concrete works of art as either literary criticism (primarily static in approach) or literary history.Of course, literary criticism is frequently used in such a way as to implicate all literary theory but such usage ignores a useful distinction. Literary works whi ch have been evaluated as important can than be used to draw general conclusions on a genre. This is the case with Aristotles Poetics. The close relation between literary theory and criticism and the other humanities was formerly reflected in the archetype of philology as a synthesizing branch of learning, studying culture in all its written manifestations, including literary works.In the mid-20th century the concept of philology suggests the affinity between literary theory and criticism and linguistics in the strict sense philology denotes textual criticism. Even after these axiomatic differences, complete separation is impossible, it is inconceivable to have literary theory without criticism or history, or criticism without theory and history, or history without theory and criticism. Its all connected. Aida Belovodjanin

An Introduction to Genre Theory Essay

An Introduction to Genre scheme Daniel Chandler 1. The problem of definition A number of perennial doubts plague music writing style theory. Are music genres really out there in the world, or ar they merely the constructions of analysts? Is there a finite taxonomy of genres or be they in pattern infinite? Are genres timeless Platonic essences or ephemeral, time-bound entities? Are genres culturebound or transcultural? Should genre analysis be descriptive or proscriptive? (Stam 2000, 14) The word genre comes from the French (and sea captainly Latin) word for kind or class.The term iswidely employ in rhetoric, literary theory, media theory, and much recently linguistics, to refer to a distinctive type of schoolbook*. Robert Allen notes that for most of its 2,000 years, genre study has been primarily nominological and typological in function. That is to say, it has taken as its principal task the division of the world of literature into types and the naming of those types much as the botanist divides the realm of flora into varieties of plants (Allen 1989, 44). As will be seen, however, the analogy with biological smorgasbord into genus and species misleadingly suggests a scientific process.Since classical times literary whole works agree been classified as belonging to general types which were variously defined. In literature the broadest division is among poetry, prose and drama, at heart which there be further divisions, such as catastrophe and comedy deep down the category of drama. Shakespeargon referred satirically to classifications such as tragedy, comedy, history, pastoral, pastoral-comical, historical-pastoral, tragical-historical, tragical-comicalhistorical-pastoral (Hamlet II ii).In The habitus of Criticism the formalist literary theorist Northrop Frye (1957) presented certain universal genres and modesas the key to organizing the entire literary principal sum. Contemporary media genres tend to relate more(prenominal) to speci fic forms than to the universals of tragedy and comedy. Nowadays, films be routinely classified (e. g. in television listings magazines) as thrillers, westerns and so on genres with which every adult in modern society is familiar.So overly with television genres such as game shows and sitcoms. Whilst we have names for countless genres in almost media, some theorists have argued that there are also m whatsoever genres (and sub-genres) for which we have no names (Fowler 1989, 216 Wales 1989, 206). Carolyn Millersuggests that the number of genres in both society depends on the complexity and diversity of society (Miller 1984, in Freedman & Medway 1994a, 36).The classification and hierarchical taxonomy of genres is not a neutral and objective procedure. There are no undisputed maps of the system of genres within any medium (though literature whitethorn perhaps lay some claim to a loose consensus). Furthermore, there is often considerable theoretical disagreement about the defin ition of specific genres. A genre is ultimately an abstract conception rather than something that exists empirically in the world,notes Jane Feuer (1992, 144). One theorists genre may be some others sub-genre or even super-genre (and indeed what is technique, bearing, mode, formula or thematic grouping to one and scarcely(a) may be treated as a genre by another).Themes, at least, seem inadequate as a basis for defining genres since, as David Bordwell notes, any origin may appear in any genre (Bordwell 1989, 147). He asks Are animation and documentary films genres or modes? Is the filmed play or comedy performance a genre? If tragedy and comedy are genres, perhaps then domestic tragedy or slapstick is a formula. Inpassing, he offers a useful inventory of categories used in film criticism, many of which have been accorded the status of genres by various commentatorsGrouping by period or country (Ameri apprize films of the 1930s), by director or champ or producer or author or st udio, by technical process (Cinemascope films), by cycle (the fallen women films), by series (the 007 movies), by style (German Expressionism), by structure (narrative), by ideology (Reaganite cinema), by venue (drive-in movies), by purpose (home movies), by audience (teenpix), by adequate to(p) or theme (family film, paranoid-politics movies).(Bordwell 1989, 148) Another film theorist, Robert Stam, also refers to common slipway of categorizing films While some genres are based on story content (the war film), other are borrowed from literature (comedy, melodrama) or from other media (the musical). Some are performer-based (the Astaire-Rogers films) or budget-based (blockbusters), while others are based on nice status (the art film), racial individuation (Black cinema), location (the Western) or sexual orientation (Queer cinema).(Stam 2000, 14). Bordwell concludes that one could argue that no set of necessary and sufficient conditions contributemark off genres from other sorts of groupings in ways that all experts or ordinary film-goers would find An Introduction to Genre Theory acceptable (Bordwell 1989, 147). Practitioners and the general public make use of their own genre labels (de facto genres) rather a dispel from those of academic theorists. We might therefore ask ourselves Whose genre is it anyway? Still further problems with definitional approaches will become apparent in due course. specify genres may not initially seem in particular problematic and it should already be apparent that it is a theoretical minefield.Robert Stam identifies four key problems with generic labels (in sex act to film) ex stress (the breadth or narrowness of labels) normativism (having preconceived ideas of criteria for genre membership) monolithic definitions (as if an item belonged to only one genre) biologism (a kind of essentialism in which genres are seen as evolving through a standardized life cycle) (Stam 2000, 128129). Conventional definitions of genres tend to be based on the view that they constitute particular conventions of content (such as themes or settings) and/or form (including structure and style) whichare shared by the school texts which are regarded as belonging to them.Alternative characterizations will be discussed in due course. The get to define particular genres in terms of necessary and sufficient textual properties is sometimes seen as theoretically attractive but it poses many difficulties. For instance, in the cocktail dress of films, some seem to be aligned with one genre in content and another genre in form. The film theorist Robert Stam argues that subject government issue is the weakest criterion for generic grouping because it fails to take into account how the subject is treated (Stam 2000, 14). Outlining a fundamental problem ofgenre identification in relation to films, Andrew Tudor notes the empiricist dilemmaTo take a genre such as the western, analyze it, and list its principal characteristics, is to beg the question that we must first separate the body of films which are westerns. But they can only be isolated on the basis of the principal characteristics which can only be discovered from the films themselves afterward they have been isolated. (Cited in Gledhill 1985, 59) It is seldom hard to find texts which are exceptions to any presumptuousness definition of a particular genre. There are no unfaltering rules of inclusion and exclusion (Gledhill 1985, 60).Genres are not discrete systems, consisting of a fixed number of listable items (ibid. , 64). It is difficult to make clear-cut distinctions between one genre and another genres overlap, and there are mixed genres (such as comedy-thrillers). 2 Specific genres tend to be easy to recognize intuitively but difficult (if not impossible) to define. particular pro smudge features which are characteristic of a genre are not normally unique to it it is their relative prominence, combination and functions which are distinctive ( Neale 1980, 22-3). It is easy to underplay the differences within a genre.Steve Neale declaresthat genres are instances of repetition and difference (Neale 1980, 48). He adds that difference is absolutely essential to the economy of genre (ibid. , 50) mere repetition would not attract an audience. Tzvetan Todorov argued that any instance of a genre will be necessarily different (cited in Gledhill 1985, 60). John Hartley notes that the addition of just one film to the Western genre swaps that genre as a whole even though the Western in question may display few of the recognized conventions, styles or subject matters traditionally associated with its genre (OSullivan et al. 1994).The issue of difference alsohighlights the fact that some genres are looser more open-ended in their conventions or more porous in their boundaries than others. Texts often exhibit the conventions of more than one genre. John Hartley notes that the same text can belong to different genres in different cou ntries or times (OSullivan et al. 1994, 129). hybridisation genres abound (at least outside theoretical frameworks). Van Leeuwen suggests that the multiple purposes of journalism often lead to generically heterogeneous texts (cited in Fairclough 1995, 88). Norman Fairclough suggests that mixed-genre texts are far-off from uncommon in the aggregate media (Fairclough 1995, 89).Some media may encourage more generic diversity Nicholas Abercrombie notes that since television comes at the audience as a diminish of programmes, all with different generic conventions, means that it is more difficult to sustain the purity of the genre in the viewing experience (Abercrombie 1996, 45 his emphasis). Furthermore, in any medium the generic classification of certain texts may be uncertain or subject to dispute. Contemporary theorists tend to describe genres in terms of family resemblances among texts (a persuasion derived from the philosopher Wittgenstein) rather than definitionally (Swales 1990 , 49).An case-by-case text within a genre rarely if ever has all of the characteristic features of the genre (Fowler 1989, 215). The family resemblance approaches involves the theorist illustrating similarities between some of the texts within a genre. However, the family resemblance approach has been criticized on the basis that no choice of a text for illustrative purposes is innocent (David Lodge, cited in Swales 1990, 50), and that such theories can make any text seem to resemble any other one (Swales 1990, 51).In addition to the definitional and family resemblance approach, there isAn Introduction to Genre Theory another approach to describing genres which is based on the psycholinguistic concept of prototypicality. According to this approach, some texts would be widely regarded as being more typical members of a genre than others.According to this approach certain features would bring out the extent to which an exemplar is prototypical of a particular genre (Swales 1990, 52) . Genres can therefore be seen as fuzzy categories which cannot be defined by necessary and sufficient conditions. How we define a genre depends on our purposesthe adequacy of our definition in terms of neighborly science at least must surely be related to the light that the exploration sheds on the phenomenon.For instance (and this is a key concern of mine), if we are studying the way in which genre frames the readers projectation of a text then we would do well to focus on how readers identify genres rather than on theoretical distinctions.Defining genres may be problematic, but even if theorists were to abandon the concept, in everyday life tidy sum would continue to categorize texts. John Swales does note that a discourse communitys nomenclature for genres is animportant source of insight (Swales 1990, 54), though like many academic theorists he later adds that such genre names typically need further validation (ibid. , 58).Some genre names would be likely to be more widely-u sed than others it would be interesting to investigate the areas of popular consensus and dissensus in relation to the everyday labeling of mass media genres. For Robert Hodge and Gunther Kress, genres only exist in so far as a companionable group declares and enforces the rules that constitute them (Hodge & Kress 1988, 7), though it is debatable towhat extent most of us would be able to formulate explicit rules for the textual genres we use routinely much of our genre knowledge is likely to be tacit.In relation to film, Andrew Tudor argued that genre is what we collectively believe it to be (though this begs the question about who we are). Robert Allen comments wryly that Tudor even hints that in order to prepare what audiences expect a western to be like we might have to ask them (Allen 1989, 47). Swales also alludes to people having repertoires of genres (Swales 1990, 58), which I would argue would also be likely to repayinvestigation. However, as David Buckingham notes, there has hardly been any empirical research on the ways in which real audiences might picture genre, or use this understanding in making sense of specific texts (Buckingham 1993, 137).Steve Neale stresses that genres are not systems they are processes of systematization (Neale 1980, 51 my emphasis cf. Neale 1995, 463). Traditionally, genres (particularly literary genres) tended to be regarded 3 as fixed forms, but contemporary theory emphasizes that both their forms and functions are dynamic. David Buckingham argues that genre is not manifestly given by the culture rather, it is in a constant process of negotiation and change (Buckingham 1993, 137). Nicholas Abercrombie suggests that the boundaries between genres are shifting and becoming more permeable (Abercrombie 1996, 45) Abercrombie is concerned with modern television, which he suggests seems to be engaged in a steady dismantling of genre (ibid. ) which can be attributed in part to frugal pressures to pursue new audiences. One may acknowledge the dynamic fluidity of genres without positing the final demise of genre as an interpretive framework.As the generic corpus ceaselessly expands, genres (and the relationships between them) change over time the conventions of from each one genre shift, new genres and sub-genres emerge and others are discontinued (though note that certain genres seem particularly long-lasting). Tzvetan Todorov argued that a new genre is of all time the transformation of one or several old genres (cited in Swales 1990, 36). Each new work within a genre has the potential to influence changes within the genre or perhaps the emergence of new sub-genres (which may later blossom into fully-fledged genres).However, such a lieu tends to highlight the role of authorial experimentation in changing genres and their conventions, whereas it is important to recognize not only the social nature of text production but especially the role of economic and technological factors as well as changing audien ce preferences. The interaction between genres and media can be seen as one of the forces which contributes to changing genres. Some genres are more powerful than others they differ in the status which is attributed to them by those who produce texts within them and by their audiences. As Tony Thwaites et al.put it, in the interaction and conflicts among genres we can see the connections between textuality and power (Thwaites et al. 1994, 104). The key genres in institutions which are primary definers (such as news reports in the mass media) help to establish the frameworks within which issues are defined. But genre hierarchies also shift over time, with individual genres constantly gaining and losing different groups of users and relative status. Idealist theoretical approaches to genre which hear to categorize ideal types in terms of essential textual characteristics are ahistorical.As a result oftheir dynamic nature as processes, Neale argues that definitions of genre are always historically relative, and therefore historically specific (Neale 1995, 464). Similarly, Boris Tomashevsky insists that no firm logical classification of genres is possible. Their de- An Introduction to Genre Theory marcation is always historical, that is to say, it is correct only for a specific moment of history (cited in Bordwell 1989, 147). Some genres are defined only retrospectively, being unrecognized as such by the original producers and audiences. Genres need to be studied as historical phenomena a popular focus infilm studies, for instance, has been the evolution of conventions within a genre.Current genres go through phases or cycles of popularity (such as the cycle of disaster films in the 1970s), sometimes becoming dormant for a period rather than disappearing. On-going genres and their conventions themselves change over time. Reviewing evolutionary change in some popular film genres, Andrew Tudor concludes that it has three main characteristics First, in that innovati ons are added to an existent corpus rather than replacing pleonastic elements, it is cumulative. Second, in thatthese innovations must be basically consistent with what is already present, it is conservative.Third, in that these processes lead to the crystallization of specialist sub-genres, it involves differentiation. (Tudor 1974, 225-6) Tudor himself is cautious about adopting the biological analogy of evolution, with its implication that only those genres which are well-adapted to their functions survive. Christine Gledhill also notes the danger of essentialism in selecting definitive classic examples towards which earlier examples evolve and after which others decline (Gledhill 1985, 59).The cycles and transformations of genres can moreover be seen as a response to political, social and economic conditions. Referring to film, Andrew Tudor notes that a genre defines a moral and social world (Tudor 1974, 180). Indeed, a genre in any medium can be seen as embodying certain value s and ideological assumptions. Again in the context of the cinema Susan Hayward argues that genre conventions change according to the ideological climate of the time, contrasting John Wayne westerns with Clint Eastwood as the problematic hero or anti-hero (Hayward 1996, 50).Leo Baudry (cited in Hayward 1996, 162) sees film genres as a barometer of the social and cultural concerns of cinema audiences Robert Lichter et al. (1991) illustrate how televisual genres reflect the values of the programme-makers. Some commentators see mass media genres from a particular era as reflecting values which were possessive at the time. Ira Konigsberg, for instance, suggests that texts within genres embody the moral values of a culture (Konigsberg 1987, 144-5). And John Fiske asserts that generic conventions embody the crucial ideological concerns of the time in which they are popular4 (Fiske 1987, 110). However, Steve Neale stresses that genres may also help to shape such values (Neale 1980, 16). T hwaites et al. see the relationship as reciprocal a genre develops according to social conditions transformations in genre and texts can influence and reinforce social conditions (Thwaites et al. 1994, 100). Some Marxist commentators see genre as an instrument of social control which reproduces the dominant ideology. Within this horizon, the genre positions the audience in order to naturalize the ideologies which are embedded in the text (Feuer 1992, 145).Bernadette Casey comments that recently, structuralists and feminist theorists, among others, have focussed on the way in which generically defined structures may operate to construct particular ideologies and values, and to encourage reassuring and conservative interpretations of a given text (Casey 193, 312). However, reader-oriented commentators have stressed that people are capable of reading against the grain.Thomas and Vivian Sobchack note that in the past popular film-makers, intent on weighty a story, were not always awar e of the covert psychological and socialsubtext of their own films, but add that modern film-makers and their audiences are now more keenly aware of the myth-making accomplished by film genres (Sobchack & Sobchack 1980, 245).Genre can reflect a function which in relation to television Horace Newcombe and Paul Hirsch referred to as a cultural forum, in which industry and audience negotiate shared beliefs and values, helping to maintain the social order and assisting it in adapting to change (Feuer 1992, 145). Certainly, genres are far from being ideologically neutral.Sonia Livingstone argues, indeed, that different genres are concerned to establish different world views (Livingstone 1990, 155). related to to the ideological dimension of genres is one modern redefinition in terms of purposes. In relation to writing, Carolyn Miller argues that a rhetorically sound definition of genre must be centered not on the midpoint or form of discourse but on the action it is used to accomplish (Carolyn Miller 1984, in Freedman & Medway 1994a, 24). Following this lead, John Swales declares that the principal standard feature that turns a collection of communicativeevents into a genre is some shared set of communicative purposes (Swales 1990, 46).In relation to the mass media it can be fruitful to consider in relation to genre the purposes not only of the producers of texts but also of those who interpret them (which need not be assumed always to match). A consensus about the primary purposes of some genres (such as news bulletins) and of their readers is probably easier to establish than in relation to others (such as westerns), where the very term purpose sounds likewise in- An Introduction to Genre Theory strumental.However, uses and gratifications researchers have already conducted investigations into the various functions that the mass media seem to serve for people, and ethnographic studies have offered fruitful insights into this dimension. Miller argues that bot h in writing and reading within genres we learn purposes appropriate to the genre in relation to the mass media it could be argued that particular genres develop, frame and legitimate particular concerns, questions and pleasures.Related redefinitions of genre focus more broadly on the relationship between the makers and audiencesof texts (a rhetorical dimension). To varying extents, the formal features of genres establish the relationship between producers and interpreters. Indeed, in relation to mass media texts Andrew Tolson redefines genre as a category which mediates between industry and audience (Tolson 1996, 92). level that such approaches undermine the definition of genres as purely textual types, which excludes any reference even to intended audiences. A basic model underlying contemporary media theory is a triangular relationship between the text, its producers and its interpreters.From the perspective of many recent commentators, genres first and foremost provide framework s within which texts are produced and interpreted. Semiotically, a genre can be seen as a shared formula between the producers and interpreters of texts included within it. Alastair Fowler goes so far as to suggest that communication is impossible without the agreed codes of genre (Fowler 1989, 216). Within genres, texts embody authorial attempts to position readers using particular modes of address. Gunther Kress observes thatEvery genre positions those who participate ina text of that kind as interviewer or interviewee, as listener or storyteller, as a reader or a writer, as a person interested in political matters, as someone to be instructed or as someone who instructs each of these positionings implies different possibilities for response and for action. Each written text provides a reading position for readers, a position constructed by the writer for the ideal reader of the text. (Kress 1988, 107) Thus, embedded within texts are assumptions about the ideal reader, including their attitudes towards the subject matter and often their class, age, gender and ethnicity.Gunther Kress defines a genre as a kind of text that derives its form from the structure of a (frequently repeated) social occasion, with its characteristic participants and their purposes (Kress 1988, 183). An interpretative emphasis on genre as opposed 5 to individual texts can help to remind us of the social nature of the production and interpretation of texts. In relation to film, many modern commentators refer to the technical and industrial significance of genres.Denis McQuail argues that The genre may be considered as a practicaldevice for helping any mass medium to produce consistently and efficiently and to relate its production to the expectations of its customers. Since it is also a practical device for enabling individual media users to plan their choices, it can be considered as a machine for ordering the relations between the two main parties to mass communication. (McQuail 19 87, 200)Steve Neale observes that genres exist within the context of a set of economic relations and practices, though he adds that genres are not the product of economic factors as such.The conditions provided by the capitalist economy account neither for the human beings of the particular genres that have hitherto been produced, nor for the existence of the conventions that constitute them (Neale 1980, 51-2). Economic factors may account for the perpetuation of a profitable genre. Nicholas Abercrombie notes that television producers set out to exploit genre conventions It makes sound economic sense. Sets, properties and costumes can be used over and over again. Teams of stars, writers, directors and technicians can be built up, giving economies of scale (Abercrombie 1996, 43).He adds that genres permit the creation and maintenance of a devoted audience which becomes used to seeing programmes within a genre (ibid. ). Genres can be seen as a means of controlling demand (Neale 1980 , 55). The relative constancy of genres enables producers to predict audience expectations. Christine Gledhill notes that differences between genres meant different audiences could be identified and catered to This made it easier to standardize and stabilise production (Gledhill 1985, 58). In relation to the mass media, genre is part of the process of targeting different market sectors.Traditionally, literary and film critics in particular have regarded generic texts (by which they mean formulaic texts) as inferior to those which they contend are produced outside a generic framework. Indeed, film theorists frequently refer to popular films as genre films in contrast to non-formula films. Elitist critics reject the generic fiction of the mass media because they are commercial products of popular culture rather than high art. Many harbor the Romantic ideology of the primacy of authorial originality and vision, emphasizing individual styleand artistic self-expression.In this tradition the An Introduction to Genre Theory artist (in any medium) is seen as breaking the mould of convention. For the Italian aesthetician Benedetto Croce (1866-1952), an artistic work was always unique and there could be no artistic genres. More recently, some literary and film theorists have accorded more importance to genre, counteracting the ideology of authorial primacy (or auteurism, as it is known in relation to the emphasis on the director in film). Contemporary theorists tend to emphasize the importance of the semiotic notion of intertextualityof seeing individual texts in relation to others. Katie Wales notes that genre is an intertextual concept (Wales 1989, 259). John Hartley suggests that we need to understand genre as a property of the relations between texts (OSullivan et al. 1994, 128). And as Tony Thwaites et al. put it, each text is influenced by the generic rules in the way it is put together the generic rules are reinforced by each text (Thwaites et al. 1994, 100).Rol and Barthes (1975) argued that it is in relation to other texts within a genre rather than in relation to lived experience that we make sense of certainevents within a text. There are analogies here with schema theory in psychology, which proposes that we have mental scripts which help us to interpret 6 familiar events in everyday life. John Fiske offers this striking exampleA representation of a car chase only makes sense in relation to all the others we have seen after all, we are unlikely to have experienced one in reality, and if we did, we would, according to this model, make sense of it by turning it into another text, which we would also understand intertextually, in terms of what we have seen so often on our screens.There is then a cultural knowledge of the concept car chase that any one text is a prospectus for, and that it used by the viewer to decode it, and by the producer to encode it. (Fiske 1987, 115) In contrast to those of a conservative literary bent who tend to present artistic texts as nongeneric, it could be argued that it is impossible to produce texts which bear no relationship whatsoever to established genres. Indeed, Jacques Derrida proposed that a text cannot belong to no genre, it cannot be without a genre.Every text participates in one or several genres, there is no genre-less text(Derrida 1981, 61). Note *In these notes, words such as text, reader and writer are sometimes used as general terms relating to texts (and so on) in whatever medium is being discussed no privileging of the written word (graphocentrism) is intended. Whilst it is hard to find an alternative for the word texts, terms such as makers and interpreters are sometimes used here as terms non-specific to particular media instead of the terms writers and readers.2. Working within genres John Hartley argues that genres are agents of ideological closure they limit the meaning-potentialof a given text (OSullivan et al. 1994, 128). Robert Hodge and Gunther Kress defin e genres as typical forms of texts which link kinds of producer, consumer, topic, medium, manner and occasion, adding that they control the behavior of producers of such texts, and the expectations of potential consumers (Hodge & Kress 1988, 7). Genres can be seen as constituting a kind of tacit contract between authors and readers. From the traditional Romantic perspective, genres are seen as constraining and inhibiting authorial creativity.However, contemporary theorists, evenwithin literary studies, typically reject this view (e. g. Fowler 1982 31). Gledhill notes that one perspective on this issue is that some of those who write within a genre work in creative tension with the conventions, attempting a personal inflection of them (Gledhill 1985 63). From the point of view of the producers of texts within a genre, an advantage of genres is that they can rely on readers already having knowledge and expectations about works within a genre.Fowler comments that the system of generic expectations amounts to a code, by the use of which(or by departure from which) composition becomes more economical (Fowler 1989 215). Genres can thus be seen as a kind of shorthand serving to increase the efficiency of communication. They may even function as a means of preventing a text from dissolving into individualism and incomprehensibility (Gledhill 1985 63). And whilst writing within a genre involves making use of certain given conventions, every work within a genre also involves the invention of some new elements.An Introduction to Genre Theory As for reading within genres, some argue that knowledge of genre conventions leads to staticconsumption of generic texts others argue that making sense of texts within genres is an active process of constructing meaning (Knight 1994). Genre provides an important frame of reference which helps readers to identify, select and interpret texts.Indeed, in relation to advertisements, Varda Langholz Leymore argues that the sense which view ers make of any single text depends on how it relates to the genre as a whole (Langholz Leymore 1975, ix). Key psychological functions of genre are likely to include those shared by categorization generally such as reducing complexity.

Narration essay

It was early morning, and I was driving to my vacation house. I was non really in a hurry, so I stopped at a McDonalds to grab a burger. It was a typical dingy place you often see in a quiet town, and I was the only customer. Everything was runway as usual, and I was in for another 100 miles of monotonous driving through a rural countryside.And indeed something happened. I walked out of the joint and dictum a little boy. He was about seven, and totally alone on a deserted parking lot where my car was the only one at 7 a.m. He was thin, even skinny, and had a dreamy, absent-minded look on his face. I felt at first like leaving him alone to whatever dreams were twine together in his mind, but then decided to find out what was going on. After all, he was just a little fellow, and it certainly was not good for him to be here together all on his own.Are you waiting for anybody? I asked.No, he replied.Do you live here then?No, I was here with my Dad and Mom, and then they drove away.A way? Are they coming back? He looked amazingly quiet.They said I do not behave myself.How long have you been here then?Now the little guy looked sad. Two hours.Two hours? I realized I had to take him to the police, to get across somebody in that little place to get the boy back to his normal comfortable life. But was it really that normal if his folks leave him on the road like that? Or did he misinterpret their words?While we were sitting in the police office, he told me about his family. His mom seemed like a good person in his words, but too intimidated by his father.She never speaks her own mind if he thinks differently, the boy said. If she says something different, he starts yelling at her. I did not fell a shade of bitterness in his voice. He was merely narrating a story.Does your Dad ever beat you or your sis?It is just me. He slaps me across the face sometimes. He loves her. She is his daughter. Then he gave me the first warm smile in all the time I had been speech to hi m and pulled a picture out of his pocket. Isnt she cute? The girl was sure lovely, very much like her brother, but with curly blond hair that glum her into a little princess.He always brings her presents when he comes back from his trip. She has tons of toys. I imagined to myself the unhappy lot of a child who lives with the stepfather. He probably suffered a lot, poor little thing.Well, when the parents did come a few hours ago, they were hysterically happy to find their child at that place. He just ran away on his own, they said. They had not the to the lowest degree intention of leaving him out in the cold. They were nice and loving parents. Youd think they were role models for other families.But I watched the passivity with which the guy travel into the van, and I could not shake off the feeling that something was missing from their words. They were smiling to me, to the policemen, but they seemed oblivious to the boy except the first moments of embraces. I was standing there thinking how the boys life will turn out in the long run. Will he ever learn to be love? Will his relationships later be warmer than his family? I watched them drive away, then turned and walked back to my car.I tried to consider your remarks. If you have other comments, buck it back and I will try to fix it as soon as possible.

M&M Project

They be one of the most popular candles In America, being Included In umteen different outlets Including MASCARA, hot air b altogetheroons, scene games, you name It. In this report I plan to go over to each one individual part of the M&M report that was conducted throughout the break away of the class. While doing that I will try to explain it to the best of my ability in the simplest terms possible so even someone who doesnt discombobulate a lick of statistical distinguishledge will be able to understand what took place and be able to grasp the results. Part 1 In the starting time part of the M report, we had a very simple task.The task was to go UT to a convenience store and buy three bags of M, and count how many different pieces of candy were In each of the three bags. Out of the entire students in the class I would say every single students count of each individual color was different. But for the classes sake all of the colors were added up, as was the grand supply of all the candies combined in the three bags. The grand total was Blue 934, Orange 1025, Green 928, Yellow 639, Red 556, Brown 616 and the total being 3684. It is interesting because watching the television system they said that certain colored candies have a higher percentage than others.One of those colors being Red, and Red is the lowest. Part 2 In part 2 we were tasked to find the sample proportions as sanitary as the sample mean. After we finished calculating those two, a histogram was created. After that, another sheet on the spreadsheet was used to calculate a descriptive statistics. at last a summary of a list of things was needed to be gathered for the final portion. There Is a pretty simple to calculate the info that is generated in the descriptive statutes. There is a handy tool called staunch that If you plug In a few numbers It will spit back the answers that you are searching for without all the fuss.Part 3 In part 3 our goal was to construct confluent intervals for t he proportion of each color as well as the mean number of candles per bag. A 95% government agency level gives an indication of how accurate your calculated value is, which Is much accurate than simply the mean or the median. A 95% confidence level means that 95 out of 100 times your value will fall in between your confidence interval so 95 out of 100 times 1 will De In your consonance Interval. I en enlarger your consonance level (percentage) the smaller your interval will be and therefore the more accurate your results will be. Part 4For Part 4 we were tasked to find the null, alternative hypothesis, the critical value, test statistic, whether or not to reject the hypothesis, and the conclusion of each individual color. As well as a test claim to determine if the bag would have more than 54 pieces of candies. The null hypothesis basically states that there is no statistical difference between the groups youre comparing. The alternative states that there is a difference. You acc ept the null when your statistical analysis value is below the critical value, which depends on the p value. For this section we had to get calculate for each individual color.After that, we had to test that the bag had more than 54 different pieces of candies. Part 5 Finally, for part 5 we had to do a similar test as part 4 except this time it wasnt for all of the colors. It was only for red and brownish combined. So we do the same formulas that were used in part 4, and we were able to achieve the answers we were looking for. We found that for red and brown the critical value at . 05 alpha, was 1. 960 the test statistic -1. 773 and we failed to reject it. Quality Assurance I would say that from watching the video, there seems to be two reasons that loud fall upon the process of the colors.One of the reasons that I think the colors could potentially be off target is because it is possible that the ink gets low in the tanks that spray the gloss onto the pieces of candy. some other reason that they could be discovered is when they are all mixed together they may or may not be dry. If they arent dry, then there is a chance that some of the pieces could rub together, and some of the color could rub off on the candy. The package distribution is another thing that would affect the percentages of the candies.Although in the video is talks bout how certain colors have a higher or lower or share a mixed percentage, there is a chance that even knowing that, the machine could make errors, and divvy out some out the pieces incorrectly. Conclusion Overall the project was something that was interesting to work on. It offered some smart insight on the M&Ms candy itself. Prior to doing the assignments I had no clue that they were broken down into specific percentages, nor do I know that they had people that studied the colors of the candy Also when you bring statistics into the mix, it also adds another layer of fun so to speak.

KM Tutorial Ans

208KM Tutorial 5 autonomic nervous system Question 1 Ans Show why R&D management is dependent on industrial context. Answer This question explores the extent to which students understand the importance of industrial context. R&D operations in the industrial chemical industry solelyow be completely different from those in the food industry. For example, R&D managers in industrial chemicals companies may not have to deal with brand managers, whereas in the food industry brand managers will be very influential. Similarly, consumer research scientists will have a significant influence on decision making in consumer markets except not in industrial markets.Question 2 Discuss the lop of operational R&D activities. Answer Figure 8. 1 illustrates the R&D operations commonly found in almost every major research and development department. They may have different labels, but within Siemens, Nokia, BMW and Shell such operations are well documented. In smaller organisations the activities are less diverse and may include only a few of these operations. This section explains what activities one would expect to find within each type of R&D operation. To help put these activities in context, Figure 9. shows how they relate to the product life-cycle framework. They are Basic Research Applied Research Product Development skilful Service Question 3 What was the traditional view of R&D? Answer After the Second World War, research and development played an cardinal role in providing fast(a)s with warring expediency. Technical developments in industries such as chemicals, electronics, automotive and pharmaceuticals led to the development of many new products, which produced rapid growth. For a season it seemed that engine room was capable of almost anything.The traditional view of R&D has therefore been everywherecoming genuine technological roblems, which subsequently leads to business opportunities and a competitive advantage over ones competitors. Question 4 Not al l firms invest in RD. What should be the level of expenditure on RD for a firm? Answer One of the most useful guides is to look at industry average expenditure. This will provide a guide to what a firm in a particular industry probably an annual budgetary basis. It requires a longer-term approach enabling knowledge to be acquired and built up over time.This often leads to tensions with other functions that are planning projects and activities. It is unusual for unlimited funds o be available, and hence business functions usually compete with other departments for funds. A great deal depends on the culture of the organisation and the industry within which it is operating (see Chapters 3 and 6). Pilkington, for example, spends proportionally large sums on RD -many adduce too untold especially when one considers its more re centime performance (Financial Times, 1998). Other companies spend very little on RD but huge amounts on sales and marketing.This is the case for the financial s ervices industry. So, one of the most difficult decisions facing senior management is how much to spend on RD. Many companies now report RD expenditure in their annual reports. It is now relatively easy to establish, for example, that Rubbermaid spent 14 per cent of sales on RD in 1994 however, exactly how the company arrived at this figure is less clear. Question 5 What are the main strategic activities of RD? Answer The management of research and development needs to be fully integrated with the strategic management process of the business.This will nurture and support the products that marketing and sales offer and provide the company with a technical body of knowledge that can be used for future development. as well as many usinesses fail to integrate the management of research and technology fully into the overall business strategy process (Adler et al. (1992)). A report by the European Industrial Management Association (EIRMA, 1985) recognises RD as having three distinct are as, each requiring enthronization RD for existing businesses, RD for new businesses and RD for exploratory research (see Figure 8. ). These three strategic areas can be broken down into operational activities 00 defend, support and hyperbolize existing businesses drive new businesses and broaden and deepen technological capability. Discuss some of the strategic pressures on RD. Answer In virtually all RD functions there is a trade-off between concentrating resources in the pursuit of a strategic knowledge competence and spreading resources over a wider area to allow for the fixing of a more general knowledge base. Figure 8. 5 shows the demands on technical resources.The growth of scientific and technological areas of participation to the firm pressurises research management to fund a wider number of areas, represented by the upward curve. The need for strategic positioning forces the decision to focus resources and build strategic knowledge competencies, represented by the downw ard curve. Question 7 What is meant by technology leverage? Answer While it is tempting to say that technology influences the competitive performance of all businesses, in reality some businesses are more heavily influenced than others.In many mature and established industries, the cost of raw materials is much more of an influence on the competitive performance of the business than are technology developments. For example,the price paid for commodities like coffee, cocoa and sugar can dramatically influence profits in many food industries. Even if the business was to substantially increase the level of RD nvestment, its competitive position would button up be determined by raw material prices.Several attempts have been made by industry to quantify this factor when considering the level of RD investment required. Scholefield (1993) developed a model using the concept of technology leverage. This is the extent of influence that a businesss technology and technology base have on its competitive position. In general, technology leverage will be low when the influence of raw material and distribution costs and economic growth is high. High-volume, bulk good products would fall within this scenario.

Working for a Large Company

The number of people in the US who are quitting their corporate personal credit lines to start their own businesses is growing. oneness recent best-selling book entitled Fire your Boss seems to reflect the growing discontent with ships comp both life. Why are so many people going into their own businesses? One of the most thwarting things about corporate life is the bureaucracy. This is the administrative system of paperwork and red tape that keeps track of everything in the corporation.Any finding must be agreed upon by many people in different departments and levels of the company. This can be very frustrating for individual employees who want to have control over their own work. They can find exasperated when their good ideas get tied up for months in the bureaucratic machinery. Employees often long the freedom of being their own boss. Another depressing aspect of working for a corporation is the lack of job security.Contrary to business owners, employees in a large company can be fired at any time, for almost no reason. If there is a downturn in the economy, layoffs are likely to come. Even if a worker has done his best to serve the corporations, he could find himself fired without warning or explanation. When a person works for himself, however, he cannot be fired. The traditionally attractive fringe pull aheads of a corporate incline have been decreasing in recent years as well.There was a time when landing a job at a top corporation meant the employee was assured of a good retirement. More and much these days, however, pension benefits are being cut to lower payroll costs. Workers are being forced to business more about their own retirement plans. In the same vein, health care is another benefit that has started to evaporate. Health insurance premiums are rising, while covered medical conditions are shrinking. This means employees are stipendiary more out-of-pocket expenses than before and getting less care in return.

Lady Macbeth Coursework Essay

When Shakespeare was writing Macbeth, approximately people believed that the solarise went around the Earth and that magic and witchcraft existed. This made them very superstitious indeed. Religion was besides a dominant factor at the time. All children were baptized, soon after they were born. This then enabled them to be taught the essentials of the Christian religion. schooling at the time was only surmount for the rich. Shakespeare was one of the lucky ones beca showcase of him being brought up in a very wealthy society he got the recover to be well educated. This then got him writing plays such(prenominal) as Twelfth Night, Hamlet and including Macbeth. He is forthwith widely regarded as one of the greatest writers in English literature.In Macbeth, peeress Macbeth washbasin be chaffern in many ways which set up be related to Macbeths villainy. She freighter be seen as the protector/protected, manipulator, victim, Jacobean wife and also how she is in charge of the rel ationship with Macbeth.Manipulation is the process of bending another to your volition and devising them believe or do something that they normally wouldnt do. Manipulation scum bag be seen when both peeress Macbeth and Macbeth secret plan to bug out their cause King (King Duncan). And live a coward in thine own esteem, in this quotation we can see that Lady Macbeth is literally severaliseing to Macbeth that he is only being a coward to himself if he was red ink to back away from the deed. Lady Macbeth uses such strong lyric poem so that Macbeth has a greater chance of not backing down to the regicide.From analysing the quote live a coward in thine we can clearly see that the word coward is emphasize with the word thine. The word coward toy withs someone who is afraid and someone with no intrepidity at all. This is important to me because it gives a great impact to the reader that Macbeth is being called a coward by his own wife. This to me sounds like Lady Macbeth is ac ting in a very sly way to get her economize to do what she wants him to do.Another example of manipulation can be seen when Lady Macbeth is talking almost the plot to kill the King with Macbeth. These deeds must not be thought after these waysso, it will make us mad. Here we can see that Lady Macbeth is trying to bend the post a bit so that it goes to her favour. In other words, telling Macbeth to not worry about what has happened. It will make us mad. In this quote the word mad is important because it is being emphasised so that Macbeth is more alert about the murder. Mad is an adjective which is usually associated with people that are not acting in a normal way. To me this suggests that Lady Macbeth is saying that if you dont forget about the deed, we are going to be in a normal state.We can also see Lady Macbeth in control of the relationship with Macbeth when she helps Macbeth with the murder of King Duncan, making the guards drunk, assuring that Macbeth doesnt get caught in the process. Only look up clear to alter favour ever is to fear. Leave all the stop to me. In this text we can literally see that Lady Macbeth is giving Macbeth the opportunity for her to do most of the covering up, this clearly indicates Lady Macbeth taking the role of being the protector towards her husband.By the use of the ascendance Leave all the rest to me this to me emphasises that she is the dominant character at this specific part of the scene. The word vanish is a command that you would usually use after a word, in this occasion Lady Macbeth has utilize this at the start of the sentence which to me sounds more appealing for the reader too. Furthermore, she implicates to the rest as referring to the King, the daggers and the stewards. This to me shows that she is telling Macbeth that she can take control of situations like these.The relationship between Macbeth and Lady Macbeth does not always go in Lady Macbeths favour. In this case she is more of a victim. This can be seen at the end of the story when she is guilty of all the murders which that she has contributed to, this then leads her going mad. The thane of Fife he had a wife, where is she now? by examining this text, we can see that now Lady Macbeth is in a fractional away/half dreaming state to hold herself for all the deeds that Macbeth has committed, this to me explains why she is asking such questions. The thane of Fife he had a wife, here by Lady Macbeth employ the past tense had it shows to me that a level of mix-up has taken place. This is then emphasised when she adds on the question at the end of the sentence. Therefore, in the readers point of view, it shows us that she is behaving in a mad sort of manor, which isnt really seen before.We can say that Lady Macbeth is the catalyst of the murder. Furthermore, she can be known as the protector and the protected. Macbeth is one character who tries best to protect Lady Macbeth. When Banquo was murdered, Macbeth kept Lady Macbeth in c omplete darkness. Be clear of the deed, dear cat, this quote suggests that Macbeth is trying to protect her and is shown as the protected. By the use of the words be innocent it suggests to me that Lady Macbeth is forcing Macbeth to be innocent, this is because the command is used at the start of the sentence which usually indicates that the someone is in control. The whole quote Be innocent of the deed, dear chuck infers that she wants him to forget about the murder, screening that shes a protector.Lady Macbeth can also be seen as a protector when she responds to Macbeths actions. Leave all the rest to me. In this quote we can clearly see Lady Macbeth as the dominant character in their relationship and also as the protector towards her own husband. By flavor at the text used and concentrating on the word me, we can see that Lady Macbeth could be using the word as in referring herself to the manipulator, protector or even the victim.Also by use of the words the rest, this could give the reader a thought that it can be referred to or mean the king, or his guards, the daggers or can simply mean different abstracts such as shame, guilt, and consequence. This to me shows a everlasting(a) demonstration on how Lady Macbeth is being a protector and manipulator towards Macbeth to get her own way.Lady Macbeth is not always seen as the catalyst. In this case it is shown when she takes the role of being a victim. cook me here. In this quote it shows that Lady Macbeth is asking for her feminine side to be taken away. This to me shows that she is making a change from the typical female stereo type (e.g. kind, vulnerable) to a more masculine character (e.g. leader, macho man). This change could have made her more manipulative towards Macbeth and in a lead-in role, but in the state she is in now she is seen more as the victim.Lady Macbeth can also be seen as victim in the quote sweeten this little hand. Here we can see that what Shakespeare is trying to say that, bec ause of how Lady Macbeths contribution to the regicide, she is trying to forgive herself for what she has done wrong. By the use of the words sweeten and little, it clearly shows that shes vulnerable and delicate. By the use of words like these it also infers Lady Macbeths sorrow and the role of her being a victim.Overall we can see that Lady Macbeth is the dominant character that contributes to Macbeths villainy in many ways. Killing a king in the was the worst crime you could possibly do in Shakespeares time.

History of Chelsea Football Club Essay

Chelsea were founded on 10 March 1905 at The Rising Sun pub (now The Butchers Hook), opposite the contemporary main entrance to the ground on Fulham Road, and were elected to the Football federation shortly afterwards. The clubs early years saw little success the closest they came to winning a major loot was reaching the FA instill final in 1915, where they lost to Sheffield United. Chelsea gained a reputation for signing big-name players and for creation entertainers, moreover made little impact on the English game in the inter-war years.Former Arsenal and England centre-forward Ted Drake became private instructor in 1952 and proceeded to modernize the club. He removed the clubs Chelsea pensioner crest, improved the youth set-up and schooling regime, rebuilt the side, and led Chelsea to their first major trophy success the League relief in 195455. The following assuage saw UEFA create the European Champions loving cup, nevertheless after objections from The Football Leag ue and the FA Chelsea were persuaded to withdraw from the competition in front it started.The 1960s saw the emergence of a talented young Chelsea side under manager Tommy Docherty. They challenged for honour throughout the decade, and endured several near-misses. They were on course for a treble of League, FA Cup and League Cup way out into the final stages of the 196465 season, winning the League Cup but faltering late on in the other two. In three seasons the side was beaten in three major semi-finals and were FA Cup runners-up. Chelsea were FA Cup winners in 1970, beating Leeds United 21 in a final replay. Chelsea took their first European honour, a UEFA Cup Winners Cup triumph, the following year, with another replayed win, this time over Real Madrid in Athens.The late 1970s through to the 1980s was a turbulent period for Chelsea. An ambitious redevelopment of Stamford connect threatened the financial stability of the club, star players were sold and the team were relegated. Further problems were caused by a ill-famed hooligan element among the support, which was to plague the club throughout the decade. In 1982 Chelsea were, at the nadir of their fortunes, acquired by slew Bates for the nominal sum of 1, although by now the Stamford Bridge freehold had been sold to property developers, meaning the club set about losing their home. On the pitch, the team had fared little better, coming close to relegation to the Third Division for the first time, but in 1983 manager John Neal put together an impressive new team for minimal outlay. Chelsea won the indorse Division title in 198384 and established themselves in the top division, before being relegated again in 1988. The club bounced back immediately by winning the Second Division championship in 198889.After a long-running legal battle, Bates reunited the stadium freehold with the club in 1992 by doing a plentifulness with the banks of the property developers, who had been bankrupted by a market cras h.14 Chelseas form in the new Premier League was unconvincing, although they did reach the 1994 FA Cup Final. It was not until the appointment of former European Footballer of the Year Ruud Gullit as player-manager in 1996 that their fortunes changed. He added several top-class international players to the side, as the club won the FA Cup in 1997 and established themselves as one of Englands top sides again. Gullit was replaced by Gianluca Vialli, who led the team to victory in the League Cup and the Cup Winners Cup in 1998, the FA Cup in 2000 and the UEFA Champions League quarter-finals in 2000. Vialli was plunder in spare of another Italian, Claudio Ranieri, who guided Chelsea to the 2002 FA Cup Final and Champions League qualification in 200203.In June 2003, Bates sold Chelsea to Russian billionaire Roman Abramovich for 140 zillion, completing what was then the biggest-ever sale of an English football club. Over 100 million was spent on new players, but Ranieri was unable to d eliver any trophies, so he was replaced by Portuguese coach Jos Mourinho. Under Mourinho, Chelsea became the fifth English team to win back-to-back league championships since the Second World War (200405 and 200506), in addition to winning an FA Cup (2007) and two League Cups (2005 and 2007). In phratry 2007 Mourinho was replaced by Avram Grant, who led the club to their first UEFA Champions League final, in which they lost on penalties to Manchester United. Grant was sacked days later and succeeded by Luiz Felipe Scolari in July 2008.

Automated Daily Time Record

In compliance with the Civil benefit Commissions (CSC) rules on personnel management, from each one and only(a) agency shall require a daily ledger of attending of officers and employees including those serving in the field or on the water to be kept on the proper form, and whenever possible, registered on the bundy clock (KMD,Solution Fit for e-DTR. 2008. Online November 24, 2013. http//ilocos. net. ph/DTRMANUAL/eDTR%20MANUAL%20basic. pdf). It is important to remember that the magazine eternalize is a legal document that provides the prat for payment of remuneration and accrual of leave credits.The sentence interpret moldiness contain a certification statement attesting to the accuracy of the temper, which must be signed by the employee. The succession record must excessively be certified by the supervisor. The record of attendance must plant actual hours worked.This includes all hours worked beyond the basic workweek for twain over snip eligible and overtime unsuit able employees. Since supervisors are required to certify the actual hours worked by both overtime eligible and overtime ineligible employees, supervisors must monitor the actual hours worked by these employees.Supervisors should ensure that procedures and expectations with respect to additional hours of work have been intelligibly communicated to employees (John Currier. 2000. Online. 2013 from http//www. brockport. edu/shra/pef_attend. htm. ).Automated Employee Attendance occasional time record agreement is a computerized medium of gathering entropy, this is the time taken to achieve a fall inn daily objective or task. The time go forth vary with a given task and slew range from house related tasks to work related task.It is the method of enter and organizing time information. (http//www. technologyevaluation. com/search/for/ info-flow-diagram-of-daily-time-record- dodging. html). It can be used for work projects, bus schedules, and airplane schedules or at school schedul es.Computerized Daily Time Record completely transposes manual time card machines or your deliberate written time and attendance records. It is a computer based time clock and time keeping solutions that record and monitor employees log-in/log-out times by means of computer constitution.According to www. system. webcrawler. com there are several(prenominal) positive factors that DTRS can give, it allow give an holy time control management to the employee, and it can give exact time computer science, decreases the paper works and other equipment expenses.AEADTR plays major rule in the payroll department system, thus, it gives computerized and organise to use data instantly. DTRS can make payroll plowing easy and it may lead to accurate recording of payroll information.This Automated Employee Attendance Daily Time Record focuses on the need to bearing a system that provide mechanically arrange the record and calculate the fair attendance of each employee. A well-conceiv ed and implemented automated employee record system can reduce the costs of handling the paperwork associated with record keeping.Manual attendance record system is not efficient and requires time to arrange record and to calculate the average attendance of each individual employee. Automated employee Attendance Daily Time Record is intended to replace the manual model of attendance record keeping. jovial child School is using ball pen or log book to record its attendance this system need a computer and the employee will record his/her attendance with a password and the system will arrange the record and calculate the average attendance of the employee.By the programmed database, it will provide job details to the human resources department as the salary period comes. With this programmed database, the appeal of employee information will be possible and at the same time help oneselfs managers to employ simple go on to inspect the employee information for verification of truth.Th is programmed database will allow the supervisor to establish timetable for each employee including recess times, holidays and whether overtime is needed. Daily Time software package is used by many organizations to assist hold course of employee hours for payroll purposes.Daily Time Software tracks employee time information in a database that helps managers to have simple entry to employee data and to analyze the data for accuracy. The Daily Time Clock packages provide scheduled administration. Daily Time Software innovative structure features fundamental coverage and connections to payroll systems.At the conclusion of the salary time, each employees hours are automatically reported to the human resources department, reducing paperwork and eliminating errors. Arrival and exit times using a computer time clock. To log in/log away, employees take unusual identifiers, such as cards with magnetic band or barcodes, biometric input devices that stop fingerprints or handprints, and iri s scanners that are not widely distributed because of privacy concerns. Daily Time Software completely replaces manual time card machines or your hand written time and attendance records.Daily Time Software eliminates the need for you to spend more hours each week compiling your manual Bundy systems into a report to supply to your payroll department. Daily Time Software saves hours of generating automated payroll reports for your employees by simply, printing out the reports and write the checks.Daily Time Software supports weekly. You can put together a existing workforce solution through Daily Time Software ( beverly82, august 2011. Online. http//www. studymode. com/essays/Automated-Daily-Time-System-Literature-756653.html. ) It records and provides real time and updated Merry Child School employee time-ins and outs, pass slips ( individualized or official), leave credits, overtimes and even deviances. The office policies (internal and external) were used as the basis of the auto mated computations and as the guideline for the implementation of the system. This system attempts to lessen the time spent of the Personnel unit of measurement in manually computing the leave credits and overtimes thus making the maintenance of the records of the staffs of MCS easier.It also records the figure of speech of hours spent by an employee whenever he/she gets out of the office by virtue of the pass slip or request for a vehicle. Employees violations such as tardiness and under-times are likewise recorded. With the automation of the processes, the Personnel social unit are has more time to work on their other deliverables, thus improve their productivity.The proposed system contains attendance record in electronic files containing details of absence or presence of a specific employee modification during a semester. Attendance records have been collected on paper forms and verified with hand written signatures.However, the increase demand for automated employee attenda nce daily time record should be implemented as currently as possible in order to reduce the costs of handling the paper works with record keeping. (2013, 11. Daily Time Record. StudyMode. com. Retrieved 11, 2013, from http//www. studymode. com/essays/Daily-Time-Record-1831449. html .This proposed system described in this document should be implemented also in different school and all automated systems must follow the standard procedures. This study will try to organize the current school attendance record system that will be practically quicker and will save time.Statement of the ProblemThe proposed Automated Employee Attendance daily time record to the Merry Child School seeks to develop their current system and provides answers to the following problems specifically on payroll processing such as the security issues, inaccurate calculation of working time, total late, total absences, and under time.Manual process can lead to poor service and delayed payroll creation. Damage or lo ss of the manual process may lead to inaccurate file restoration and itll affect the momentum of payroll creation and both the employer and the employee will suffer.ObjectivesThe sole purpose of this study is to provide quality and genuine service involving the employees personal information to create a system that is called the Automated Employee Attendance Daily Time record. It may forge related issues according to the data gathered from the school.This system is designed to create an automated DTR or so called the AEADTR system that will ensure the employee to receive a total security of its data, proper monitoring of reports in each employee, and for rating and prompting the employee for their overall remarks according to their record.It also provides a user friendly purlieu that would ensure both quality and easy manipulation. This system is developed to provide accurate and safe computation of data being gathered through each employee of Merry Child School, to provide proper time management to the administration, to lessen the expenses of the institution and to properly monitor the attendance of the employees. This is to evaluate if the system has provided the administrator the necessitate and fill up the missing piece of their business.Scope and LimitationsThe scope of the study focuses on attendance processing that will provide management of the daily time record, computation of total duty hour, absences, overtime and late. The output data of this system will be used as reference in creating a payroll. In addition, the system will provide total security of data, monitoring of the employees reports, and evaluating each employee based on the data shown in their records. For the security, the system is equipped with unique barcode scanning that will scan each identification card of the employee containing the barcode and safely store it to the database that can be used for future references.For monitoring, the system will automatically generate a prom pt to the employee if the employee has a good attendance standing. This will allow the admin to instantly monitor each one of the institutions constituents.Significance of the studyThis system could contribute to the better and brighter way of processing the Daily time record by providing accurate and stable data gathering through its secure and precise processes. Accounting department could benefit this system because of its fast and accurate process and will result to reducing their discomfort of preparing employee salary.Also this system provides reports to each employee that could help the administrator identify which of them acquire excellent or poor status. The administrator can prepare the salary fast with its pay Slip ready through the help of both DTR system and Payroll system working together and this could benefit the employer and the employee. This study will also benefit the next generation of students that will take the degree of any computer studies courses in Capitol University. If approved, then, this will serve as their reference for future research.