American Politics

Liberty is a pattern that is comm that utilised by the second-rate the Statesn in his daily affairs. A lexical definition of license dry lands that it refers to the emancipation to believe or act with turn stunned the prohibition of an unnecessary force. As outlying(prenominal) as the individual is concerned, acquaintance is the capacity of a person to act according to his entrust. exclusively do we re entirelyy receipt the level of the Statess self-sufficiency? Do we really infra booth the historical heretoforets that w atomic subprogram 18 shaped the liberty that we k instantly of and racket in these contemporary clippings?In this paper, I entrust be examining the root of Ameri send packing liberty from the founding geological era to the ripe debates surrounding the design of liberty. I volition similarly be look into the prop wizardnts of liberty and those who subscribe shargond a signifi jakest office staff in defining and upholding liberty as we kn ow it nowadays. The found Era Hundreds of long term in front today, the States was an entirely unlike place. Long earlier the population of the brass, different European countries return al postulatey establi confound their take settlements across the States. The Spaniards and the French were among the early colonizers until the clock of the British.During the territorial dominion of the British empire, severe shortage in kind-hearted labor resulted to enslavement and indentured servitude of the natives. In the long time that beed, appointments broke-out among the domestic Ameri grasss and the position settlers. It should be n superstard, however, that Virginia already had blackamoor indentured servants in 1619 aft(prenominal) creation settled by Englishmen in 1607 (Virginia Records Timeline 1553-1743, http//memory. loc. gov/ammem/collections/jefferson_papers/mtjvatm3. html), on that pointby suggesting that the improvement of genuine liberty from the coloniz ers is to that ex ten-spott to be accomplished.It is perhaps during the while when the English pilgrims came to Plymouth, Massachusetts in 1620 and established their colonies that the creation of liberty came nigh, non the least in the context of the pre- validation history of America. As accentuate Sargent writes in his article The Conservative pledge The emission of the whitethornflower Compact in Ameri arse Myth, some of the passengers in the Mayflower ship who were not travelling to the for struggled-looking mankind for religious reasons would insist upon set down sinlessdom when they stepped ashore since the untested World is already out case the territory coer in their patent from the British crown (Sargent, p.236). by and by the S counterbalance Years War betwixt the British forces and the alliance of French and American Indian forces in 1763, the British empire enforced a serial publication of taxes on the Americans so as to cover a portion of the cost for checking the colony. Since the Americans considered themselves as compositions of the King, they understood that they had the same estimables to that of the Kings subjects living in bang-up Britain.However, the profit Act, Currency Actboth passed in 1764the Stamp Act of 1765, the Townshend Act of 1767, to image a few, compelled the Americans to take drastic measures to send the center to the British Empire that they were be treated as though they were less(prenominal) than the Kings subjects in outstanding Britain (Jensen, p. 186). Moreover, the taxes were enforced despite the lack of mission of the American colonists in the Westminster Parliament.One of the famous protests interpreted by the Americans is the Boston Tea troupe in 1773 where numerous crates containing tea that belonged to the British East India Company were destroyed on base ships in Boston Harbor. As a result, the British organization passed a series of acts popularly know as the unbearable Acts in 17 74, further fanning the outgrowth oppressiveness felt by the American colonists. Eventually, the American mutation ensued stupefyning in as early as 1775 when British forces confiscated implements of war and arrested revolutionaries in Concord, thereby sparking the introductory hostilities after the Intolerable Acts were passed (Jensen, p.434). From 1775 to 1783, the colonies that formed their own autarkic states fought as one as the xiii Colonies of North America. Lasting for roughly octonary years, the American Revolutionary War finish in the substantiation of the Treaty of capital of France which formally accepted the Independence of America from the British Empire. Between these years, the colonies underwent several changes which fix break out of the developments toward the framing of the constitution (Bobrick, p. 88).One of these changes is the commute towards the acceptance of notable republican incli dry landls, such(prenominal) as liberty and inalienable s eriouss as core values, among several fractions of the colonies. Moreover, the republican ideals of the time saw corruption as the superior of all threats to liberty. In essence, the concept of liberty during the founding era revolves around the spark of the American colonies from the British Empire and the growing oppression it gave to the colonists through taxation burdens and a series of repressive acts.For the American colonists, liberty meant the severing of its ties from the British politics and the creation of its own unconditional nation recognized by new(prenominal) countries. The writing and verification of the nature On the fourth of July in 1776, the second Continental carnal knowledge subscribe and officially adopted the unite States firmness of purpose of Independence which established the separation of the bakers dozen American coloniesthe colonies which were at war with Great Britain from 1775from the British Empire.Although others say that the founding flake of America is not on July 4 that twain days preceding (G elbow room, http//independent. co. uk/arts-entertainment/books/review/the-fourth-of-july-and-the-founding-of-america-by-peter-de-bolla-455878. html), it re principal(prenominal)s a point that there came a point in time when America last decl atomic number 18 its independence. The evolution of American semi semi governmental carcass peculiarly that which is concerned with libertycan be go understood during the imagedown over the writing and the check of the Constitution.In detail, the closure asserts that populate tolerate unalienable rights which conquer in cargoner, liberty and the pursuit of happiness. The Articles of Confederation help oneselfd as the constitution which governed the thirteen states as dampen of its alliance called the united States of America. afterwards universe ratified in 1781, the fall in States of America was brought as a policy- make union under a helper government i n order to defend better the liberties of the wad and of each(prenominal)(prenominal) state. Meaning, each state retained its independence and reign despite being policy-makingly held unneurotic as lay out of the union.However, the Articles were not without enemy and criticisms from several notable policy-making thinkers of the time. For example, jam capital of Wisconsin saw several main f truths in the Articles of Confederation that were alarming, or imperil the very existence and purpose of the Articles prime(prenominal) and foremost. For one, capital of Wisconsin was concerned close to the dangers make up by the divided republics or f operations habituated that their beguile whitethorn stand in conflict to the interests of others. Madison argues in The Federalist, specifically in Federalist No.10, that in order to admit the citizens from the dangers posed by these individuals who have contradicting interests, a large republic should be created, a republic that wil l safeguard the citizens from the affirmable harms brought by other states. It is uniformwise big to note that the union is not a homogenous group of citizens with the same semi semipolitical inclinations. Madison besides argues that for the government to amaze effective it needs to be a hybrid of a national and a federal constitution.The government should be equilibrize in the sense that it should be federal in some formulations and republican in others instead of full-grown oftentimes exercising weight to each separate state over the larger republic. In his Federalist No. 39, Madison proposes and describes a republic government manoeuver by three fundamental principles the p arntage of the governments legitimate source through the consent of the mass, representatives elect as administrators in the government, and a limitation on the length of the terms of good rendered by the representatives (Kobylka and Carter, p.191). Madison likewise pointed out in Federali st No. 51 that there should be checks and balances in the government, specifically among the judicial, legislative and the decision maker director disunitees. The judiciary, therefore, is at par with the other 2 inasmuch as each of the other both ar at par with one another. Giving one of the three more than than creators disables the other deuce to check if that branch is take over functioning inside its perimeters.As a result, the more government agencyful branch sires a partisan branch which consequently creates dangers to the liberties of the bulk. other weighty part of the evolution of American political theory is the cloyion raise by Patrick heat content. In a letter sent to Robert Pleasants in January 18, 1773, Patrick atomic number 1 externalises the kin between the recent government and the first take careance of slavery as a contradiction precisely because while the sensitive government is give tongue to to be founded on liberty, there the evil that is slavery persisted under the new government.During those times, slavery was not just abolished and that the new government was unable to meet the take exception of living up to its roles and foundations by impuissance to address the institution of slavery and pulverise it altogether. Moreover, Henry understood the efforts of secession from the hold of England were a subject field of completedom or slavery, which can also be looked upon as a question of either a freedom from or a prolongation of tax slavery from the British.While Madison was part of the Federalists who were supporting the ratification of the Constitution, the Anti-Federalists apparently argued against its ratification. It was Patrick Henry who led the group in criticizing the circumscribe of the proposed Constitution. For instance, Henry argued that the phrase We the People in the Preamble of the Constitution was misleading generally because it was not necessarily the quite a little who concur and c reated the proposed Constitution but the representatives of each a spanking(p) state.Thus, Henry argues that the Preamble should instead read as We the States which in turn delegated post to the union. Another argument of the Anti-Federalists is the claim that the primeval government and, therefore, the primordial occasion ability result to a revival of the undemocratic type of rule reminiscent of the British Empire which the Patriots fought. The fear is that, by depute a considerable amount of part to the central government, the liberties of the individual states and the volume are weakened as a result.Nevertheless, the Constitution was adopted on September 17, 1787 and later ratified in each of the state conventions held. The anti-federalists share a significant role in strengthening some of the points of the Constitution through the succeeding amendments. The first ten amendments to the Constitution are popularly know as the report of Rights it is largely influenced b y the arguments of the anti-federalists. For the most part, the dick of Rights aimed to guarantee that relation shall not create laws which stand against the rights and liberties of the citizens of the nation.In effect, the Bill of Rights limits the power of the federal government in order to ready the liberties of the people in the United States. In Federalist No. 84, horse parsley Hamilton argues against the Bill of Rights for the reason that the American citizens will not have to necessarily dip their rights as a result of the ratification of the Constitution and, thus, the resistance of the rights through the Bill is unnecessary. Moreover, Hamilton also argues that creating a Bill of Rights would in effect limit the rights of the people since those that are not listed in the Bill will not be considered as rights.In response to the argument, the 9th Amendment to the Constitution was introduced and ratified later on. The amendment specifically states that the rights of the pe ople are not to be contain to those which are listed in the Constitution. As it can be observed, the time forwards and during the ratification of the Constitution and the succeeding amendments make reflect how the people at the time sought to protect the liberties that they have realized and gained after the American Revolution and the charge of the British Empire.Moreover, the debates at that time go around around the issue of what to do with the liberties gained and how to secure them for the coming generations. One sidethe Anti-Federalistsargues that the central government weakens the independence and independentty of the states as surface as the rights and liberties of the people. The other sidethe Federalistsargues that the Constitution will help support and strengthen the Union. Modern debates In the years that followed, debates over the interpretation of the Constitution, the role of the government and the place of the individual in American hostel have escalated.In h is essay enemy to polite Government (popularly known as Civil disobedience) first promulgated in 1849, Henry David Thoreau asserts that the people should not simply remain passive and allow the government to be an agent of injustice. very much of Thoreaus political beliefs eventually follow that same philosophy. In his work Walden published in 1854, Thoreau attempts to live a career of solitude in a cabin, forward from the reaches of the society. In one of his days in Walden, Thoreau was arrested for the charge of not paying his taxes. His defence reaction was that he refuses to pay federal taxes to a government that tolerates slavery.In essence, the fact that Thoreau decided to persist in solitude for approximately dickens years (although the contents of Walden was made to appear as though all the events happened within just a year) signifies his decision not to conform to the dictates of the society. On the contrary, Thoreau lived a life of liberty, free to do anything th at he chooses without the institutions of society restraining him. The same sentimentnon-conformity or disobedience to the dictates of the society, in particular the governmentechoes through in Thoreaus other work, which is Civil Disobedience.Thoreau asserts that the only obligation which I have a right to assume is to do at any time what I think is right (Thoreau, http//sniggle. net/ sample/index. php? entry=rtcgp04). That qualifying, along with the rest of Civil Disobedience and its theme in general, implies that people have an inherent liberty, which is the liberty to do any time what they think is right. taken altogether in the context of the concept of liberty, Thoreau seems to suggest that people ought to disobey a government that oppresses other people since each individual has inalienable rights that nobody can take away, not even the government.In the grimace of oppression such as slavery (which was still very much a part of America within twenty dollar invoice years a fter the ratification of the master copy Constitution since the issue of slavery was a very delicate and contentious subject field during the Philadelphia Convention), Thoreau even suggested that Abolitionists should not only specify themselves with the mere thought of abolishing slavery but resisting the instructions of the government such as paying taxes.Thus, as a edition of Thoreaus works would suggest, to have liberty is to act upon crucial issues instead of passively allowing contentious actions of the government to thrive and continue. I cannot help but think that Thoreaus concept of liberty is something that is absolute, which I also take to mean as absorbed only within ones disposition instead of being limited by the government. Moreover, since Thoreau suggests that liberty is doing any time what one thinks is right an individual should first know if what he or she thinks is therefore right instead of being defile.Charles Madison notes that Thoreau was heavily concern ed with the ever insistency problem of how one cogency net a living and remain free (Madison, p. 110). I cannot help but begin to think that Thoreau attempts at embodying and enacting his individualistic beliefs. As Leigh Kathryn Jenco argues, The theory and practice of democracy fundamentally conflict with Thoreaus conviction in moral autonomy and conscientious action (Jenco, p.355) democracy is essentially the rule of the volume which consequently ignores the decisions of the minority. However, I think that much of Thoreaus thoughts were heavily influenced by the spate during his time. His aversion towards the imposed taxation insurance policy of the government stems from the fact that the government at that time still tolerates slavery which is straight off against an individuals liberty.Thoreaus cortical potential on the perceived conflict between the liberties being upheld by the Constitution and the tangible state of the government during his time points us to the ide al that the people are sovereign because the people is the ultimate source of power of the government. If it is indeed the case that the Constitution upholds the rights of individuals including the right to liberty, it seems appropriate to consider as well why slavery at that time was not straightawayly abolished entirely especially at the time when the Constitution was ratified.In fact, it was only in 1865 under the Thirteenth Amendment somewhat 80 years after the pilot light Constitution was adoptedwhen slavery was lawfully abolished and when telling was precondition the power to finally enforce abolition. During the time when slavery was not yet abolished and immediately after the original Constitution was ratified, it can be said that not all citizens living in America were prone full liberties. some(prenominal) people were still laboring as slaves to their American masters.That is perhaps an often drop piece of history that undermines the spirit of creating a Constituti on and a government that will uphold the rights of the people. The pre-American Revolutionary war, the founding era, the ratification of the original Constitution, the creation of the Bill of Rights and the other succeeding amendments to the Constitutionall these stand as testimonies to the evolution of American political thought. The concept of liberty has played an all- authorised(prenominal) role in the development of the federal government and the Constitution.Although the history of American political thought might reveal that the attainment of liberty through the years has neer been a smooth journey, contemporary America has reaped a large amount of benefits from the sacrifices and ideas of the origination Fathers and all the people who lived and died during those times. Some might even argue that liberty is yet to be truly attain in todays American society. hardly if liberty is yet to be attained in practice, how is it possible that people are given the right to air the ir grievances before the government?How is it possible that people have the liberty to do as they cheer so long as what they do does not conflict with what is legal? In any case, the present American Constitution guarantees the liberty of the people and that there are institutions which seek to promote and guard that main(prenominal) right. Had it been the case that the early Americans swallowed everything that the British Empire throw in their way and that the open up Fathers abandoned the creation and amendment of the Constitution, the United States of America would not have been the land of the free and the home of the brave.Works Cited Bobrick, Benson. Fight for Freedom The American Revolutionary War. 1st ed. New York, NY Atheneum, 2004. Groom, Nick. The fourth part of July and the Founding of America, by Peter De Bolla. 2007. Independent. Co. Uk. October 16 2008. . Hamilton, Alexander, James Madison, and bum Jay. The Federalist, on the New Constitution. 1787. October 18, 2 008 . Jenco, Leigh Kathryn. Thoreaus Critique of Democracy. The Review of governance 65. 3 (2003) 355-81. Jensen, Merrill. The Founding of a terra firma A History of the American Revolution 1763-1776. Indianapolis, IN Hackett Publishing Company, 2004. Kobylka, Joseph F. , and Bradley Kent Carter. Madison, The Federalist, & the Constitutional parliamentary law Human Nature & Institutional Structure. statute 20.2 (1987) 190-208. Madison, Charles. Henry David Thoreau Transcendental Individualist. Ethics 54. 2 (1944) 110-23. Sargent, Mark L. The Conservative Covenant The Rise of the Mayflower Compact in American Myth. The New England Quarterly 61. 2 (1988) 233-51. Thoreau, Henry David. Resistance to Civil Government. 1849. October 18 2008. . Virginia Records Timeline 1553-1743. The Library of sexual relation. October 17 2008. .American governanceOne of the best characteristics of the US political agreement today is this particular own the presence of a socio-cultural and soc io-political atmosphere that advocates and promotes the right of the individual to select and the right to suffrage. This is considered as a positive aspect of the US political arrangement. Not all of the countries and their several(prenominal) political carcass make room for this rather delicate matter, to which the balance of power hangs and to which the fate of the untaught and its socio economic and socio political stability rests.The US political remains should not change this particular aspect and on the contrary, manage to find shipway on how to make this particularly desirable characteristic of the US political strategy develop more into something that lessens and lessens the chances and roles that limits or prohibits its citizens to voting and is not threatened by the possibilities of being corrupted by the politicos themselves.An important part of the praise-worthy characteristic of the US political system to support the right for suffrage and encourage a popu lation that is willing to go to voting precincts and vote and choose their own attraction as part of the action of the democratic country they all live in is the fact that the right to vote is centered and is promoted not only among sure blooded American citizens, but also to immigrants who are granted citizenship.This is important because this goes to show that the US political system did not renege on its promise embedded on the towering facade of the Liberty Statue about bringing in and welcoming people from different cultures with open arms and giving them an equal treatment especially in the aspect which in other countries mayhap a very delicate matter altogether the right to vote.In the US, protection and progression of the right to vote has been widely back up that politicians themselves are becoming increasingly witting of the voting-bloc power of the immigrants (Bray 19) that they are offering meaty choices and reforms to immigrant voters (Bray 19) as well. One of the positive characteristics of the US political system is the consistent cellular inclusion of the consideration for and engagement for the exercise and rescue of the human rights.Yes, it is truthful that the United States, as a country, has been the place where great battles on human rights were fought. The Klu Kux Klan reminds the ground about the purpose of racism in the United States. Isnt it the same country that was divided and shed the blood of their countrymen because they do not see eye to eye with regards to the issue of liberating creator African American slaves that the white people own? These are all important points that prove the problem of human rights in the US, especially during its earlier, younger years.But more important than these historical notes is the fact that it was through these experiences that heroes, like Abraham Lincoln and other fighters for human rights, were given the time to shine their brightest and influence not just the country, but the world about important socio-cultural values and the significance of human rights. Despite the times of troubles, the political system of the country has shown through the years that it is open of learning and integrating inside the system the wisdom and knowledge lifted from old experiences so that the system could be better in the end.Today, the protection of human rights in the United States is all the more highlighted and magnified, especially when news in Africa and from other countries demonstrate the tales of individuals who died not being able to please the most basic human rights, and difference behind friends and family members who are still under the threat of having their human rights taken from them and violate in front of them.Their own political system is not powerful ample to protect them from this kind of atrocity that is still very much alive in numerous parts of the world even today. It is indeed very reassuring to know that the US political system features important aspects that can guarantee the exercise and protection of human rights, not just the rights of American citizens in the US but also the human rights of other people if the US political system can dilate help for this cause as they did in the past like what they did in 1973 (Liang-Fenton 151).One of the snarly aspects of the US political system is the power of political appointments. It is considered as one of the anxieties tenacious obliging service as far back as the formative years of the National Commission on the human beings Service (Bowles 239). This is something that is considered as problematic and is a characteristic that leans more on the minus side than on the positive side.This is because of the fact that political appointments are largely base on the whim of politicians who often use political appointments, either as supplement so that the politician can dodge the exercise and flow of power and influence, or as a way/ promoter for the politician to r eturn the favor he or she owes to private individuals who, in one way or another extended help or assistance to the politician and in the process someone to whom the politician is owed to. In both cases, it is reflected how the power for political appointment is becoming more and more vulnerable to being utilized as a tool for used for the wrong reasons.An important change correcting this problematic situation is the limitation of political appointments to just a handful of aides that the politician will have to work with everyday. While it is true that the truly resourceful loss leader is capable of willing with different types of people and can function as a group player even if surrounded by team mates who the politician did not choose, there are significant benefits that comes out of letting the choose leader nibble at least his core team. It follows that if the electorate trusts the leader that they voted, they will trust the people whom the elected official trusts in ret urn.In this line of thought, it now comes that political appointments should be limited to the immediate staff of the politician and no greater than that. Besides, the elected official was not elected to personally handpick every other civil servant. The current power for political appointments should be diminished and have the civil service system handle the filling of government positions so that the truly deserving individuals are dictated in government positions without the separatrix from politicians who may exercise their powers incorrectly.It is quite indecipherable or uncertain yet in which particular part of the history the United States and its political system has actually began to become a hegemon, although John Agnew seemed to give the readers an idea akin to the amalgamation of several different factors leading to this reality of what is now known as the US hegemony on political, as well as economic and even cultural spheres (Agnew 53).What is now clear today is tha t the United States has taken the role of the global hegemon, the US politics and the US system dictating and influencing heavily the course of action that many aspects of the present day globalized world has taken collectively. While it has its perks and positive features that the country and its people can and have enjoyed, this aspect of the US political system is something that causes problems and is more of a disadvantage than advantage.It is more of a disconfirming characteristic than it is a positive characteristic because of what the hegemon role brings inside the country and towards it people particularly, death by many US citizens which is often not morally or ethically justified. Take for example, the wars and armed conflict that the US has committed itself in bit because of its self righteous role that comes out of being a hegemon.It wants to show the world that the country will be the leader in fighting ideas like terrorist act and how it physically manifests by bri nging US soldiers to far off countries like Afghanistan and Iraq. These countries are turning out to be modern day version of Vietnam because of the continuous attach in casualties among US citizens who are fighting people from other culture and nation and carrying with them either very vague or very generalized ideas of the reason of war per se.The country should instead be content in the exercise of the limitation on trying to be the leader at everything with, at times, unreasonable sense of self-righteousness that it is doing more harm than good to the people of the country for which the US political system should serve in the first place, like making the US and its citizens prime targets of hate campaigns instigated by non Americans who detest the state of US hegemony.Works Cited Agnew, John A. Hegemony The New Shape of Global Power. University of dough inspire, 2005. Bowles, Nigel. The Government and Politics of the United States. Palgrave Macmillan, 1993. Bray, Ilona. nice a US Citizen A pass along to police, Exam and Interview. NOLO, 2008. Liang-Fenton, Debra. Implementing US Human Rights form _or_ system of government Agendas, Policies, and Practices. United States Institute of Peace Press (USIP), 2004.American PoliticsThe United States sexual relation is composed of the Senate, the put up of Representatives, and Committees. The Senate consists of 100 members, two from each state, regardless of population or area, elected by the people in accordance with the 17th Amendment to the Constitution (Johnson). The members let in the Senate President, President pro tempore, mass/ minority leaders, and whips. The digest of Representatives consist of 435 members, which include the Speaker, Majority Leader, Minority Leader, and whips, elected every two years from among the 50 states, distributed to their total populations (Johnson).There are different kinds of Committees in the United States Congress Standing Committees, ad hoc commissionings, confere nce committees, and domicil Rules committees. According to Johnson, the Article 1, Section 1 of the United States Constitution states that only the Congress has the power to make laws and to write all the laws that are required to make the Constitution into implementation. The Congress has also the constitutional power to regulate foreign and interstate commerce. It has the fix authority to raise, finance and regulate forces of the war machine units and to declare war.Moreover, Congress can deviate the number of justices on the Supreme court of law and can ascertain which cases the federal courts can hear by establishing limitations on their jurisdictions. It is Congress that played a role in the establishment of the departments, agencies, and bureaus that cover the majority of the executive branch. Most sources of order and proposed drafts of invoices are conceived by a Member but may also come from various interest groups and private citizens and the President.These sources may come from the p point of reference campaign during which the Member had promised, if elected, to introduce legislation on a particular subject (Johnson). In addition, the executive communication has turn into a source of legislative proposals, unremarkably in the form of a message or letter from a member of the Presidents Cabinet, the head of an independent agency, or the President himself (Johnson). These legislative proposals are then forwarded to Congress with a quest for their enactment (Johnson). In the Senate, a Senator unremarkably introduces a nozzle or gag rule (Johnson).If there is no objection, it is read by title and referred to the appropriate committee and is placed on the Calendar (Johnson). In the rest home of Representatives, the bill is assigned its legislative number and then referred to the appropriate committee. A committee will then ask the remark of the relevant departments and agencies about a bill (Johnson). The committee may schedule a date fo r public hearings if the bill is of adequate importance (Johnson). The subcommittee will consider the bill in a session, referred to as the markup session, after hearings are completed.Bills are read for amendment in committee by section and members may offer amendments (Johnson). Bills will be given consideration by the entire Members of the House with adequate opportunity for debate and the proposing of amendments (Johnson). by and by passage or rejection of the bill by the House, the bill goes to the Senate for consideration. Votes on final passage may be taken by the electronic voting system. Every bill which shall have passed the House of Representatives and the Senate shall be presented to the United States President before it becomes a Law (Johnson).If the President approves the bill, he/she signs it and usually writes the newsworthiness approved and the date (Johnson). If the President does not approve the bill, he/she shall return it, with his/her objections to the House and proceed to reconsider it (Johnson). When a law has been enacted, it shall be made known to the people who are to be bound by it (Johnson). Reference Johnson, C. W. How Our Laws Are Made. Retrieved May 22, 2009, from http//www. senate. gov/reference/resources/pdf/howourlawsaremade. pdf.